tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-91119759500443185922024-03-05T07:50:46.494-05:00Michael Deibert's Haiti BlogThis blog aims to present an ever-expanding repository of links to news stories and other sources of information that will help readers determine the reality of present-day Haiti as they seek to help the country on its path to building a more just and equitable society. I will also post an expanding library of my own writings on Haiti from 2000 until the present.Michael Deiberthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04810256309168860637noreply@blogger.comBlogger372125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9111975950044318592.post-4443758764494042822023-12-04T07:20:00.000-05:002023-12-04T07:20:02.324-05:00Michael Deibert speaking about Haiti on The World<p> <span style="background: var(--artdeco-reset-base-background-transparent); color: var(--color-text); font-size: var(--artdeco-reset-base-font-size-hundred-percent);">I</span><span style="background: var(--artdeco-reset-base-background-transparent); caret-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); color: var(--color-text); font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: var(--artdeco-reset-base-font-size-hundred-percent);"> spoke with Marco Werman at The World about the shifting dynamics among the illegal armed groups in and around Haiti's capital, Port-au-Prince, and what this means for the country as a whole. Please listen to the segment <a href="https://theworld.org/media/2023-11-16/increasingly-brazen-behavior-haitis-gangs">here</a>.</span></p><article class="update-components-article
feed-shared-update-v2__content" style="background: var(--artdeco-reset-base-background-transparent); border: var(--artdeco-reset-base-border-zero); box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); display: var(--artdeco-reset-base-display-block); font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0.8rem 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: var(--artdeco-reset-base-padding-zero); vertical-align: var(--artdeco-reset-base-vertical-align-baseline);"><div class="update-components-article--with-small-image
" style="align-items: center; background: var(--artdeco-reset-base-background-transparent); border: var(--artdeco-reset-base-border-zero); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; font-size: var(--artdeco-reset-base-font-size-hundred-percent); margin: var(--artdeco-reset-base-margin-zero); padding: 1.2rem 1.6rem; position: relative; vertical-align: var(--artdeco-reset-base-vertical-align-baseline);"><div class="update-components-article__link-container" style="background: var(--artdeco-reset-base-background-transparent); border-radius: 0px; border: var(--artdeco-reset-base-border-zero); box-sizing: content-box; flex-shrink: 0; font-size: var(--artdeco-reset-base-font-size-hundred-percent); height: 72px; margin: var(--artdeco-reset-base-margin-zero); padding: var(--artdeco-reset-base-padding-zero); position: relative; vertical-align: var(--artdeco-reset-base-vertical-align-baseline); width: 138px;"><a aria-label="Open article: The increasingly brazen behavior of Haiti's gangs by theworld.org" class="app-aware-link update-components-article__image-link
tap-target" data-test-app-aware-link="" href="https://theworld.org/media/2023-11-16/increasingly-brazen-behavior-haitis-gangs" style="background: var(--artdeco-reset-base-background-transparent); border: var(--artdeco-reset-link-border-zero); box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--color-text-link-visited); cursor: pointer; font-size: var(--artdeco-reset-base-font-size-hundred-percent); height: 72px; left: 0px; margin: var(--artdeco-reset-base-margin-zero); outline-offset: -1px; padding: var(--artdeco-reset-base-padding-zero); position: absolute; text-decoration: none; top: 0px; touch-action: manipulation; vertical-align: var(--artdeco-reset-base-vertical-align-baseline); width: 138px;" target="_blank"><div class="ivm-image-view-model " style="background: var(--artdeco-reset-base-background-transparent); border: var(--artdeco-reset-base-border-zero); box-sizing: inherit; font-size: var(--artdeco-reset-base-font-size-hundred-percent); height: 72px; margin: var(--artdeco-reset-base-margin-zero); padding: var(--artdeco-reset-base-padding-zero); vertical-align: var(--artdeco-reset-base-vertical-align-baseline); width: 138px;"></div></a></div></div></article>Michael Deiberthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04810256309168860637noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9111975950044318592.post-56650399208226637002022-12-31T15:16:00.003-05:002022-12-31T15:16:37.773-05:00Haiti Is At War<p> Aug 14, 2022</p><p><b><span style="font-size: large;">Haiti Is At War</span></b></p><p>By Michael Deibert</p><p>Ozy</p><p>Haiti has a long, troubled history of politicians using local gangs for political muscle and influence. But what’s happening now is strange and new — the gangs are moving into the power vacuum created by a failing state to exert more autonomy and authority in what’s quickly becoming the biggest crisis in the Americas. </p><p>(Read the original article <a href="https://www.ozy.com/pg/newsletter/sunday-magazine-email/450256/">here</a>)</p><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px solid rgb(220, 220, 213); box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(31, 31, 31); color: #1f1f1f; font-family: DINNextW01-CondensedReg, "Tw Cen MT Condensed", "Gill Sans MT Condensed", "Arial Narrow", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td align="left" class="flexible-width" style="border-right-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6f9b8b; font-family: Avenir-Heavy, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 33px; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;" width="575">No safe way out <br /><br /></td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td colspan="2" style="border-right-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;"><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">The burned-out hulk of the car belonging to the former senator and his driver rested beside a bucolic mountain road that cuts through the hills above Port-au-Prince. The bodies of its former occupants, as charred and desecrated as the vehicle itself, lay inside.</span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"> </p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">For much of the past year, motorists attempting to leave Haiti’s capital for the southern peninsula — an area dotted with undulating hills, shimmering beaches and picturesque colonial towns — would traverse the lanes though Laboule 12 in an attempt to avoid the warring gangs that operated along the other route that led through the sprawling slum of Martissant, a take-your-life-in-your-hands proposition that saw motorists kidnapped or shot dead with terrifying regularity.</span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"> </p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">By the time Yvon Buissereth — a former senator who had been appointed head of the government’s social housing division by former President Jovenel Moïse (himself assassinated in spectacular fashion in July 2021) — opted to try his luck on the road last weekend, Haiti was in the throes of a state collapse the likes of which has rarely been experienced in the Western Hemisphere this century.</span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"> </p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">The gang that allegedly murdered Buissereth is led by a criminal known as Ti Makak (Little Monkey), one of dozens of armed groups currently operating in Port-au-Prince. The gang emerged to</span><i style="box-sizing: border-box;"> fè dezòd</i><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> (make disorder) in the zone just as the forces of the Police Nationale d’Haïti (PNH), the country’s beleaguered national police force, was launching an offensive against another gang, the 400 Mawozo (400 Hillbillies), who run a kidnapping ring based in the city’s northeastern suburb of Croix-des-Bouquets, but whose territorial control extends all the way to the border with the Dominican Republic. This past spring, a failed attempt by the 400 Mawozo to seize the territory of a rival gang, the Chen Mechan (Mad Dogs), in this area, known as the Plaine du Cul-de-Sac, killed at least 191 people, according to the human rights organization Réseau National de Défense des Droits Humains (RNDDH). Thousands more were displaced.</span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">What links these two apparently unrelated episodes of violence on opposite sides of the capital also tells the story of state collapse in Haiti. An implosion that has rapidly accelerated since the assasination of Jovenel Moïse, the first Haitian president killed in office since 1915.</span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px solid rgb(220, 220, 213); box-sizing: border-box; color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td align="left" class="flexible-width" style="border-right-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6f9b8b; font-family: Avenir-Heavy, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 33px; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;" width="575">The deep roots of gang rule <br /><br /></td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td colspan="2" style="border-right-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;"><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Though Haiti has a long history of politically motivated militias — from the </span><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Zinglins </i><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">and </span><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Piquets </i><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">of Faustin Soulouque the mid-1800s, to the Tonton Macoute of the Duvalier family dictatorship (1957- 1986) — the modern-day roots of Haiti’s gang rule can be found in a catastrophic interweaving of events in the 1990s.</span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"> </p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">A strangling economic embargo designed to return to power Jean-Bertrand Aristide, Haiti’s first democratically elected president, ousted in a coup in 1991 after only seven months in office, all but destroyed what was left of Haiti’s manufacturing sector. A subsequent IMF and World Bank-sponsored structural adjustment, made with U.S. President Bill Clinton’s support, lowered Haiti’s tariffs on imported rice from 50% to 3%, turning Haiti into the world’s fifth-largest importer of U.S. rice and breaking the backbone of its peasant economy. Those who fled the countryside to the cities found few jobs waiting for them.</span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"> </p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">It was the children of these news arrivals — as many of the capital’s poorest neighborhoods are populated largely by country people new to the city — who became the first generation of the modern youth gangs in Haiti, a phenomenon encouraged with ruthless efficiency by Aristide and his party Fanmi Lavalas (formed in 1996) to ensure their grip on power. Aristide returned to the presidency in 2001 only to be overthrown again in a 2004 rebellion that began when a formerly loyal gang in the northern city of Gonaïves, the Lame Kanibal (Cannibal Army), turned against him in retaliation for allegedly killing their leader.</span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"> </p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">I knew many of these young, first-generation gunmen personally, and spent countless hours speaking with them in Cité Soleil, the sprawling seaside slum they called home. Although they were not typical of the inhabitants of the capital’s slums — most of whom, then as now, have no connection to guns or violence — they represented an unavoidable political force. Before their early deaths (all but one died before his 30th birthday), some spoke eloquently to me about a desperate desire to blast Haiti out of its inhuman squalor and inequality. At a certain time, one could see the good they might have done for the country. But Aristide got to them first.</span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px solid rgb(220, 220, 213); box-sizing: border-box; color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td align="left" class="flexible-width" style="border-right-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6f9b8b; font-family: Avenir-Heavy, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 33px; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;" width="575">Politicians have long used gangs <br /><br /></td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td colspan="2" style="border-right-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;"><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">In the last two decades, the armed groups in the slums — who generally call themselves </span><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">baz </i><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(base, in Haiti’s Creole language) — have metastasized through generations of slain leaders and opportunistic politicians of various political stripes, seeking to monopolize the forces of arms and the votes they bring come election time. The Parti Haïtien Tèt Kale (PHTK), the country's dominant force since 2011 — to which both Moïse and former President Michel Martelly belonged — embraced the baz model as enthusiastically as the Lavalas party (now, like founder Aristide himself, a historical footnote) ever did.</span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"> </p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">But over the years, something new began to happen, although it wasn’t immediately apparent. During a 2015 lull in the nearly 20-year tit-for-tat violence, two baz in the Martissant communities of Ti Bois and Grand Ravine waged war against each other. I went to interview the leader of the Ti Bois baz, a somber-face man then in his early 30s named Chéry Christ-Roi, known as Krisla, who had improbably succeeded in maintaining his grip on the neighborhood since the early 2000s— an extraordinary period of longevity for someone in his line of work. As we sat inside his hillside nightclub, in a spray of day-glo colors contrasting with the sweeping view of the Bay of Port-au-Prince, he said the gangs were sick of politicians using them as cannon fodder, and they might some day form a sort of alliance for good, or so I hoped.</span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"> </p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Haiti’s tortured politics had different plans. In 2016, Jovenel Moïse, a businessman from Haiti’s north, was elected president after a markedly low turnout. The political opposition — consisting of opportunistic career politicians who gave themselves grand names like the</span><i style="box-sizing: border-box;"> secteur démocratique et populaire </i><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">despite being neither democratic nor popular — flatly refused to accept the election results. The battle lines hardened.</span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"> </p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Though Moïse oversaw the construction of miles of roads, and a nascent effort to restructure Haiti’s faltering energy grid — lashing out at “a corrupt oligarchy” and vowing to free from their grasp a “captured state — an audit of the Venezuelan low-cost oil program, PetroCaribe, claimed that firms linked to Moïse cashed in on an embezzlement scheme. A civil society movement, under the slogan <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Kot kòb PetroCaribe a?</i> (Where is the PetroCaribe money?), demanded accountability for the funds, along with an end to corruption and other government abuses. Striking a modus vivendi with the political opposition whose first demand was that Moïse resign so they could get in (opposition lawmakers twice vandalized Haiti’s parliament in the company of their partisans to prevent Moïse’s choice for Prime Minister from going to a vote), the civil society, perhaps unwittingly, became part of a drama bigger than themselves that was unfolding.</span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="color: #6f9b8b; font-family: Avenir-Heavy, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 25px; letter-spacing: -0.5px;"><b>The Rise of "Barbecue"</b></span></span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="color: #6f9b8b; font-family: Avenir-Heavy, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 25px; letter-spacing: -0.5px;"><b><br /></b></span></span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">In November 2017, a police raid in Grand Ravine ended in the deaths of at least two police officers and 10 civilians in what some called a police massacre. One of the policemen involved, Jimmy Chérizier— better known by his nickname, Barbecue — abandoned his post and returned to his power base in the capital’s Lower Delmas quarter, where he founded an illegal armed group, allegedly with ties to the Moïse government —a claim Moïse and Barbecue both denied. In 2018, Barbecue was accused of participating in a massacre in the Port-au-Prince slum of La Saline that killed 26, according to a United Nations report. Barbecue and two officials of the Moïse government were sanctioned by the U.S. State Department for their alleged roles in the killings.</span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"> </p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">While the Moïse government negotiated with the PNH over the police department’s quest to form a union, a gang called Fantôme 509 (Haiti’s country code) emerged, claiming to be dissident police. The group wore masks and shot their guns in the air, at vehicles and into government buildings. Fantôme 509 was widely viewed as a wing of the opposition. In June 2020, Barbecue, dressed in a suit and carrying a machine gun, held a press conference to announce the formation of the </span><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">G9 an fanmi e alye</i><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">, an alliance of armed groups around the city, including Krisla’s Ti Bois baz. Though Barbecue stated that he was not “pro-government or pro-opposition,” he released several videos of himself surrounded by an armed, masked cadre and expounding on the political issues of the day. His Twitter account, which had a large following, has since been suspended. </span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px solid rgb(220, 220, 213); box-sizing: border-box; color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td align="left" class="flexible-width" style="border-right-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6f9b8b; font-family: Avenir-Heavy, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 33px; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;" width="575">Gang war goes viral on social media <br /><br /></td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td colspan="2" style="border-right-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;"><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">But Barbecue was hardly the only boss in town, and not the only one to grasp the power of social media.</span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"> </p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Across Route Nationale 2 from Grand Ravine and Ti Bois, in the Village de Dieu slum, Arnel Joseph, a politically connected gang leader, who reigned over the 5 Segonn (5 Seconds) gang until fleeing in an attempt to avoid arrest, was killed by police in February 2021. The following month, Haitian police tried to storm the slum in a raid that ended with six police officers dead: their final moments recorded by gloating gang members who shared the footage on social media.</span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"> </p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Arnel Joseph's successor at the helm of the 5 Segonn (5 Seconds) gang was a different character altogether, and the footage of the slain policemen was only the beginning of his social media war. Going by the </span><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">nom de guerre</i><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> Izo, the new strongman of 5 Segonn presides over a kidnapping empire, the proceeds of which he uses to fund slick videos of himself and his gunmen as he spits rhymes while strutting through the slum and snorting copious amounts of cocaine (He is, at it happens, a lyricist of no small talent). Beyond his musical pursuits, however, Izo has used social media and apps like WhatsApp to boast of his battlefield success and terrorize his rivals. Last month, while bragging about weapons acquired during fighting with gangs from the rival G9-affiliated - slum of La Saline, 5 Segonn displayed the firearms perched on the dead body of one of their enemies. In another video, Izo dismembers the cadaver of a rival he had purchased from the gang in Grand Ravine, and then begins to cook the viscera in a pot.</span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"> </p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">The 400 Mawozo have also shown a fondness for social media. The gang’s leader, Joseph Wilson, alias </span><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Lanmò San Jou</i><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> (Death Comes Unannounced), recently recorded himself and his gunmen (who appear to be in their early teens) requesting the “paperwork” of motorists traveling between Port-au-Prince and the Dominican Republic. Last month, 400 Mawozo gunmen murdered a police officer inside a church, spirited the body away and disseminated footage of themselves mulitalitng the corpse.</span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"> </p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Wilson, believed to be a </span><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">houngan</i><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">, or vodou priest (vodou, despite its reputation in the West, is a religion like any other, combining both light and dark elements), has availed himself of the authority of such a role. I have seen videos of him and other 400 Mawozo members at </span><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">fêtes </i><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">involving coffins and other accouterments of death. The possible spiritual elements of the violence in Haiti today in some ways echo the gruesome public displays of Charles Taylor, during the 1989-1997 Liberian Civil War of the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), who cannily co-opted some of the trappings of the Poro Society — a male secret society in West Africa — to add an aura of authority to his military might.</span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"> </p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">The violence has more immediate ways of revealing its interconnection. In the shantytown of Canaan, whose population exploded when thousands of Haitians displaced by the 2010 earthquake resettled there, a gang recently filmed themselves firing in the air as they referred to themselves as “the Taliban.”</span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px solid rgb(220, 220, 213); box-sizing: border-box; color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td align="left" class="flexible-width" style="border-right-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6f9b8b; font-family: Avenir-Heavy, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 33px; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;" width="575">The gang state <br /><br /></td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td colspan="2" style="border-right-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;"><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Although the government of Prime Minister Ariel Henry — who assumed power under controversial circumstances after the assasaniation of Jovenel Moïse — has frequently been accused of having ties to gangs, the gunmen are now making direct attacks on the symbols of the state. In June, 5 Segonn gunmen stormed Port-au-Prince’s Palais de Justice, seat of the highest judicial authority in the capital, and have occupied it since, chasing off judges, clerks, prosecutors, police and staff. The authorities have made no attempt to retake the building, as its armed occupants strut about its rooms destroying files. In July, 400 Mawozo gang members set fire to the Croix-des-Bouquets prosecutor's office. Government services — customs, the central bank and other entities once housed in downtown Port-au-Prince — are abandoning the center of the city to the gunmen and moving to more secure locales, such as the airport or to far-flung suburbs.</span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"> </p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">“They're trying to establish some kind of recognition as a force or a state within the state,” said a conflict resolution specialist, and friend, who works in some of the capital’s most marginalized neighborhoods. “Any talk of elections without taking care of these guys doesn't make sense.”</span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"> </p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">More than the politically allied “posses” of Jamaica, which the Haitian gangs once most closely resembled, the armed groups in the country look more and more like the all-demolishing whirlwinds of the Islamic State, for whom killing publicly and ritualistically is as much an affirmation of power and mission as the success of any geopolitical goals.</span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"> </p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">In a very direct way, the violence also connects Haiti to its giant neighbor to the north, the United States.</span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"> </p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">In July, a ship arriving from Florida at Haiti’s Port-de-Paix was discovered to be carrying 120,000 cartridges, three handguns, 30 magazines, 20 Ak-47s and $3,890. That same month, seven illegal pistols were confiscated from another ship from the U.S., stopped at the same port. The government responded by freeing two of the men who had been arrested for alleged involvement in the scheme and firing the government official who’d overseen seizure of the weapons. Meanwhile, several suspect containers at a wharf in Port-au-Prince were found to contain 9mm pistols, 14,646 cartridges, 140 magazines and 18 assault rifles.</span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px solid rgb(220, 220, 213); box-sizing: border-box; color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td align="left" class="flexible-width" style="border-right-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6f9b8b; font-family: Avenir-Heavy, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 33px; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;" width="575">The gangs are coordinating <br /><br /></td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td colspan="2" style="border-right-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;"><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">As the country roils amid criminal anarchy, the government of President Ariel Henry has remained largely silent, apparently secure in the support of such foreign actors as the U.S., France and the U.N. Mission in Haiti. The fact that both RNDDH and a now-stalled investigation by the Direction Centrale de la Police Judiciaire (DCPJ) into the murder of Jovenel Moïse showed that Henry had spoken twice to Joseph Félix Badio — believed to be a key link in the plot to murder the president — on the night of the assassination, appears not to phase them. The government’s detachment from the trauma of its citizens was also vividly illustrated when, during a regular bout of gang violence, the prime minister spent a glittering evening at the posh Hotel Montana to celebrate “Europe Day'' with various foreign diplomats. The elegant hotel also serves as the base for the Montana Accord, a group of civil society actors and veteran politicos who “elected” a president and prime minister last year, yet whose authority barely extends beyond the lobby.</span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"> </p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Last month, an attempt by the G-9 to take over the Cité Soleil, under the control of baz leader Gabriel Jean-Pierre, aka Ti Gabriel, who heads a rival coalition of gangs called the G-Pèp, failed. It was foiled when 5 Segonn rushed to Gabriel’s aid ferrying gunmen in motorboats along the coast, one of at least three instances that the group has used boats in recent months. The attack failed, but not before more than 200 people — mostly civilians— were killed and many thousands displaced. The onslaught, most observers agree, was unleashed to acquire territory in order to control voting centers should Haiti’s long-delayed elections ever be held.</span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"> </p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">It was around this time that the U.S. Embassy in Port-au-Prince tweeted a photo of Chargé d’Affaires Eric Stromayer (the U.S. has not had an ambassador in Haiti since October 2021) grinning broadly behind a stoney faced Ariel Henry, saying the two had “discussed recent security gains.” This must have come as news to Haitians desperately trying to flee the abattoir of gang violence.</span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"> </p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Stromayer’s meeting with Henry occurred the same week the RNDDH accused Henry of “continuing to supply the gangs with weapons and ammunition to put an end to the lives of the police, to discourage them in their work and to block justice.” And just weeks after the Episcopal Conference of Haiti demanded: “Why does the State not act?" A few days after the meeting, clashes between the G9-affiliated gang Krache Dife (Fire Spitters) and its rivals turned downtown Port-au-Prince into a war zone, with gunmen wearing police uniforms participating in the fighting and a cadre of “barefoot child soldiers” — as one local media outlet called them — firing automatic weapons. Around the same time, when a delegation of evangelical Protestants showed up one afternoon to clean the streets of the Pont-Breya section of Grand Ravine, gunmen shot the pastor's wife dead. Gang coordination seems to increase by the week. Sensing a common enemy, when police began a sustained campaign against 400 Mawozo this month, the gang sent word to Ti Makak, who helpfully distracted them with his own eruption of violence miles away — ending the life of Yvon Buissereth.</span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px solid rgb(220, 220, 213); box-sizing: border-box; color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td align="left" class="flexible-width" style="border-right-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6f9b8b; font-family: Avenir-Heavy, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 33px; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;" width="575">Foreign ‘help’ is making everything worse <br /><br /></td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td colspan="2" style="border-right-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;"><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">More than 550 people were murdered in greater Port-au-Prince between January and June, according to the Commission épiscopale de l’église catholique romaine Justice et Paix. An additional 200 victims from Cité Soleil were added to that death toll last month. More than 100 police officers were slain between June 2021 and June 2022. And the bloodshed appears to be spreading. In late July, clashes between armed groups in rural Petite-Rivière-de-l’Artibonite, nearly 75 miles from Port-au-Prince, left at least 20 dead and several buildings burned. The OAS recently issued a mea culpa, saying that Haiti’s crisis was “a direct result of the actions taken by the country’s endogenous forces and by the international community,” and arguing that “the international community’s presence in Haiti has amounted to one of the worst and clearest failures implemented and executed within the framework of any international cooperation.” But it, as well, seems to have little idea how to stem the tide of violence.</span></p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"> </p><p style="border-bottom-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Avenir-Roman, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">“Every day, the insecurity in Haiti grows and the population becomes more imprisoned,” Haitian sociologist Laënnec Hurbon recently told me. “The prime minister is deaf and blind and the international community does not show the slightest empathy in the face of the country's tumble toward the abyss.”</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>Michael Deiberthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04810256309168860637noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9111975950044318592.post-38712063876730457312022-12-31T15:07:00.002-05:002022-12-31T15:07:08.358-05:00Michael Deibert Speaking To Al Jazeera on Anniversary of Assassination of Haiti's Jovenel Moïse<iframe width="480" height="270" src="https://youtube.com/embed/DGtQC6Us2q0" frameborder="0"></iframe>Michael Deiberthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04810256309168860637noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9111975950044318592.post-15889379113231055192022-12-31T15:05:00.001-05:002022-12-31T15:05:06.967-05:00Freedom Soup and the Liberation of Haiti <p><b>Freedom Soup and the Liberation of Haiti </b></p><p>The cuisine, a combination of African and European influences, also tells the story of this complex country’s revolutionary heritage</p><p>By Michael Deibert </p><p>Newlines Magazine</p><p>(Read the original article <a href="https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/freedom-soup-and-the-liberation-of-haiti/">here</a>)</p><p><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: Epilogue, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.10000000149011612px;">On the first day of the year in 1804, at the Place d’Armes in the dusty city of Gonaïves, gazing out onto the turquoise waters of the Golfe de la Gonâve off Haiti, a 46-year-old military leader who had been born into slavery on a plantation near Grande-Rivière-du-Nord unveiled a text that still cries out from across the centuries.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: Epilogue, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.10000000149011612px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 24px;">“Citizens,” it began,</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: Epilogue, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.10000000149011612px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 24px;"><em style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px;">it is not enough to have expelled the barbarians who have bloodied our land for two centuries; it is not enough to have restrained those ever-evolving factions that one after another mocked the specter of liberty. … We must, with one last act of national authority, forever assure the empire of liberty in the country of our birth; we must take any hope of re-enslaving us away from the inhuman government that for so long kept us in the most humiliating torpor. In the end we must live independent or die.</em></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: Epilogue, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.10000000149011612px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 24px;"><em style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px;">Independence or death… let these sacred words unite us and be the signal of battle and of our union.</em></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: Epilogue, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.10000000149011612px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 24px;">With those words, Haiti declared its independence from France after a 13-year war of liberation and abolished slavery, the first nation to do so. The military leader who had overseen this victory, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, had taken up the torch of Haitian liberation after its after its most charismatic initial proponent, Toussaint Louverture, was kidnapped by the forces of the dictator Napoleon Bonaparte and died in a lonely prison cell in the Jura Mountains (a fate possibly abetted by Dessalines’ own political maneuvering). The formerly French colony of Saint-Domingue would heretofore be known as Haiti, its original Taíno name.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: Epilogue, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.10000000149011612px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 24px;">Hardly alone in his campaign against what was then one of the world’s great military powers — marked by victories such as the Battle of Vertières, outside of modern-day Cap-Haïtien (known then as Cap-Français), in November 1803 — Dessalines was aided by a now-mythic cast of characters. There was Henry (often-written Henri) Christophe, an English-speaking former slave, likely born in Grenada. There was Alexandre Pétion, son of a wealthy French father, and free women of mixed African and European heritage who narrowly avoided death as an infant during a 1770 earthquake that devastated Port-au-Prince. And, deceased on the long road to liberty, were patriots like Suzanne Bélair, better known as Sanité Bélair, an “affranchi” (free person of color) who took an active part in combat against Napoleon’s forces and became a lieutenant in Louverture’s army. When she was executed by the French she cried “Viv libète! Aba esclavaj!” (Long live freedom! Down with slavery!)</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: Epilogue, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.10000000149011612px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 24px;">Tradition has it that in celebration of their victory, the victorious Haitian forces sat down to “soup joumou,” a fortifying soup hinting at the promise of abundance that the hideousness of slavery had denied Haiti’s people and which earlier this year was given the distinction of being part of “the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity” by UNESCO. The soup itself — an enticing and filling mélange of squash, onions, peppers, beef and pasta — not only has historical resonance but also offers a tantalizing introduction to the rich and varied cuisine of Haiti, something I was able to experience firsthand during several years of living there and a quarter century of visiting the country.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: Epilogue, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.10000000149011612px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 24px;">“It is an ode to freedom, a ritual that we participate in saying we believe in a better tomorrow and coming together,” says Dominique Dupuy, Haiti’s delegate to UNESCO. “When you go through this cascade of traumas, resilience comes at a cost, but let’s recognize that we ourselves have the power to push through. We’ve had bad years, but we’re a great people.”</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: Epilogue, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.10000000149011612px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 24px;">Beset by plotting from foreign powers and what the Haitian author Frédéric Marcelin would later characterize as “civil strife, fratricidal slaughters, social miseries … and idolatrous militarism,” Haiti would soon fall into violent political factionalism. After declaring himself emperor, Dessalines would be assassinated at present-day Pont-Rouge in Port-au-Prince in October 1806. Civil war would break out, with the country divided between Henry Christophe’s Kingdom of Haiti in the north (where Christophe declared himself King Henry I) and Alexandre Pétion’s Republic of Haiti in the south. Following the deaths of both Christophe and Pétion, the nation would finally be reunited under the rule of Pétion’s successor, Jean-Pierre Boyer.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: Epilogue, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.10000000149011612px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 24px;">“The revolution is often told in only a victorious narrative, but it involves a lot of bloodshed and intra-group fighting,” says Yveline Alexis, an associate professor of Africana studies at Oberlin College. “But this also not only tells us about how unity and disunity can exist while fighting oppressors but how, in the end, Haiti will be left standing.”</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: Epilogue, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.10000000149011612px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 24px;">But the dream of Haiti and the singular heroism of its initial accomplishment — defeating a colonial power and eradicating an infernal system — never died, and as the heavy winds of the country’s political struggle blew forward, the people of Haiti — “les enfants des héros” (children of heroes) as the author Lyonel Trouillot called them — carried on that legacy with their food.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: Epilogue, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.10000000149011612px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 24px;">When I worked as a journalist in Haiti in the early 2000s, one of my favorite things to do at the end of the week was to leave my flat in the bougainvillea-draped neighborhood of Pacot and head to the Portail Léogâne, the outdoor transit hub used for traveling south out of the city.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: Epilogue, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.10000000149011612px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 24px;">There, one could easily find a tap-tap, as Haiti’s brightly colored shared passenger vans are called, heading for the neighborhoods of Martissant, Carrefour and Mariani (a journey that is now very perilous because of the nonstop fighting of politically aligned armed groups called “baz,” or base). After hopping on board, sensuous kompa music playing from the tap-tap’s sound system, one would sail past dilapidated hotels that hark back to the days when Haiti was a tourist destination with outdoor markets where vendors sold their wares under the open sky.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: Epilogue, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.10000000149011612px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 24px;">When the tap-tap pauses briefly at a crossroads before continuing south through mountains often fecund after rain and dotted by rainbows, market women run up to the vehicle’s sides, offering travelers tasty snacks such as “douce macoss,” an overpoweringly sweet tricolored candy that, along with Faustin Soulouque, who ran the country first as president and then as emperor from 1847 to 1859, is perhaps the most famous product of the nearby city of Petit-Goâve, a once-beautiful city devastated by Haiti’s January 2010 earthquake. Or they would offer “tablet pistach,” Haiti’s version of peanut brittle.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: Epilogue, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.10000000149011612px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 24px;">After an hour or so of the tap-tap’s negotiating serpentine mountain roads, the southern city of Jacmel, where South American liberation hero Simón Bolívar was given shelter by Haiti’s rebel leaders (no one else would take him), appears below, glittering like a jewel next to the tumbling surf.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: Epilogue, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.10000000149011612px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 24px;">Once in Jacmel, I would disembark and transfer to a moto taxi to travel the 10 or so miles to the beach cottage that I was renting. There, one could splash in the surf under the gaze of the brooding inland mountains and feast on exquisite “lambi creole” (conch with a uniquely spicy Haitian sauce) and “langouste” (lobster prepared with a distinct smoky flair). In Jacmel itself, on a weekend evening, citizens and stray foreigners would go to and fro between the restaurants and music clubs, the streets lit by the flickering orange glow of the kerosene lamps of the vendors as they offered “griot” (fried pork) to passersby. As the sun set, it was customary to pour a libation of Haiti’s exquisite rum, Barbancourt Cinq étoiles (still, for my money, the best rum in the world) or, for the more adventurous, to sample the various strains of “tafia,” the highly potent raw rum sold in jerrycans at roadside stands (though the best tafia is widely considered to be consumed in the temperate climes of the mountain town of Kenscoff, above Port-au-Prince).</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: Epilogue, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.10000000149011612px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 24px;">Over the two-and-a-half decades I’ve spent visiting Haiti, the majesty and ebullient tale told by Haiti’s rich cuisine has accompanied me every step. Haiti’s food evokes its sophisticated and varied roots, from the Parisian-style boulangeries that one can find in the tree-draped squares of areas like the Port-au-Prince suburb of Pétionville to the unpretentious “lalo,” a spinach stew served over white rice and often bought from large pots along the road. And if you have never bought some “marinade” (a seasoned batter patty) from a woman selling them roadside, have you ever lived? The same question could be posed if you’ve never enjoyed delicious “poulet boucané” (smoked chicken) on the terrace of Kay Foun, overlooking the busy street in Saint-Marc, accompanied by a Prestige beer so cold that ice still clings to the glass of the bottle, or eaten “pintade créole” (guinea hen in a spicy sauce served with fried plantains and beans and rice) on a (relatively) cool autumn evening.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: Epilogue, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.10000000149011612px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 24px;">Regional dishes also abound, from the unique use of coconut around Jacmel in the south to “poul an sòs ak nwa” (cashew chicken) in the north, where one can eat it during an evening of carousing along the Carenage Boulevard that abuts the ocean. In the morning one can take in the stirring sight of Sans-Souci and the Citadelle Laferrière, a palace and fort combination built by Christophe with views across the plains of northern Haiti. Popular in Jérémie, a lovely town on the northern shore of on the northern shore of the Grand’Anse department and known as “la cité des poètes” (the city of poets), one finds “tonmtonm,” a filling breadfruit-based dish.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: Epilogue, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.10000000149011612px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 24px;">Haiti continues to struggle with its demons, systemic and structural problems greater than any one politician or political party. When Haiti’s president Jovenel Moïse was assassinated last July — the fifth president from the country’s north to be killed since independence — and as gang wars and narrow political infighting continue to rack the capital, it’s easy, particularly for outsiders, to forget this culinary lineage, which in a real way has freedom and a revolutionary heritage in every morsel.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: Epilogue, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.10000000149011612px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 24px;">“The Haitian kitchen is a concentration of our Afro and European influences,” says Paul Toussaint, a Haitian chef and restaurateur whose restaurant in Montreal, Canada, Kamúy, mixes traditional Haitian cooking with international elements. “When I am cooking Haitian cuisine, I feel like I am combining those heritages. It’s a love story with our history, and there’s a lot of meaning in our food.”</p>Michael Deiberthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04810256309168860637noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9111975950044318592.post-5201699884781448132021-02-17T12:53:00.001-05:002021-02-17T12:53:27.039-05:00Note de Presse: La création d’une commission baptisée : Commission Protestante Contre la Dictature en Haïti (CPCDH).<p> Note de Presse</p><div dir="auto">Nous signataires de la présente,
dirigeants et ambassadeurs, respectivement de la Conférence des Pasteurs
Haïtiens (COPAH), du Conseil National Spirituel des Eglises d'Haïti
(CONASPEH), de la Fédération des Pasteurs Haïtiens (FEPAH) et de la
Fédération Protestante d’Haïti (FPH), informons le public en général et
les chrétiens protestants en particulier de la création d’une commission
baptisée : Commission Protestante Contre la Dictature en Haïti (CPCDH).</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">Cette commission a pour mission de :</div><div dir="auto"> </div><div dir="auto">1.
Travailler avec toutes les institutions religieuses et organisations de
la société civile en vue de l’intensification de la mobilisation
pacifique pour le respect de la constitution, particulièrement l’article
134-2.</div><div dir="auto"> </div><div dir="auto">2. Sensibiliser toutes les églises
protestantes, à travers tout le pays, afin que les chrétiens, citoyens
haïtiens à part entière, puissent s’engager résolument dans la lutte
contre la dictature en Haïti.</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">C’est
un combat pour la vie, l’avenir, et la dignité du peuple haïtien. C’est
un combat pour le triomphe du droit, de la justice et de la démocratie.
S’y engager n’est pas une option, mais un devoir chrétien et citoyen !
Car, selon les saintes écritures, les chrétiens ont l’impérieuse
obligation de défendre les opprimés et de les délivrer de la main des
méchants (Psaumes 82:4). </div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">Aussi,
sollicitons-nous le soutien de la presse parlée, écrite, télévisée et
en ligne pour la pleine réussite de cette noble mission.</div><div dir="auto"> </div><div dir="auto">Que
Dieu bénisse Haïti et donne la force nécessaire aux haïtiens pour se
battre pour la démocratie et le respect de la constitution !</div><div dir="auto"> </div><div dir="auto"><div dir="auto"> <i>We signatories hereof, leaders and ambassadors,
respectively of the Conference of Haitian Pastors (COPAH), of the
National Spiritual Council of the Churches of Haiti (CONASPEH), of the
Federation of Haitian Pastors (FEPAH) and of the Protestant Federation
of Haiti (FPH), want to inform the public in general and Protestant
Christians in particular of the creation of the the </i><span class="VIiyi" lang="en"><span class="JLqJ4b ChMk0b" data-language-for-alternatives="en" data-language-to-translate-into="fr" data-phrase-index="0"><span>Protestant Commission Against Dictatorship in Haiti</span></span></span> <span class="zEswK"></span><i>(CPCDH).</i></div><div dir="auto"><i><br /></i></div><div dir="auto"><i> This commission's mission is to:</i></div><div dir="auto"><i> </i></div><div dir="auto"><i>
1. Work with all religious institutions and civil society organizations
to intensify peaceful mobilization for the respect of the constitution,
particularly Article 134-2.</i></div><div dir="auto"><i> </i></div><div dir="auto"><i> 2. To sensitize all
Protestant churches, throughout the country, so that Christians, Haitian
citizens in their own right, can resolutely engage in the fight against
the dictatorship in Haiti.</i></div><div dir="auto"><i><br /></i></div><div dir="auto"><i>
It is a fight for the life, the future, and the dignity of the Haitian
people. It is a fight for the triumph of law, justice and democracy.
Getting involved is not an option, but a Christian and civic duty! For,
according to the holy scriptures, Christians have an overwhelming
obligation to defend the oppressed and deliver them from the hand of the
wicked (Psalm 82: 4).</i></div><div dir="auto"><i><br /></i></div><div dir="auto"><i>
Therefore, we ask for the support of the spoken, written, televised and
online press for the full success of this noble mission.</i></div><div dir="auto"><i> </i></div><div dir="auto"><i> May God bless Haiti and give Haitians the necessary strength to fight for democracy and respect for the constitution!</i></div> </div><div dir="auto">Port-au-Prince, le 17 février 2021</div><div dir="auto"> </div><div dir="auto">Suivent les signatures:</div><div dir="auto"> </div><div dir="auto">Rév. Pasteur Ernst Pierre Vincent </div><div dir="auto">Président de la Conférence des </div><div dir="auto">Pasteurs Haitiens (COPAH) </div><div dir="auto">Tél: +509 3607 1041</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">Dr. Gerard Forges Dr. Gerald Bataille</div><div dir="auto">Ambassadeurs de la Fédération Protestante D’Haiti</div><div dir="auto">Tél: +509 4772 6868 Tél: +509 34935447</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto"> </div><div dir="auto">Pasteur Jacques N. Janvier </div><div dir="auto">Président de la Fédération des Pasteurs </div><div dir="auto">Haïtiens (FEPAH) </div><div dir="auto">Tél: +509 3725 6136 </div><div dir="auto">Dr. Francoise St. Vil Villier</div><div dir="auto">Présidente du Conseil National Spirituel</div><div dir="auto">des Eglises (CONASPEH)</div><div dir="auto">Tél: +509 3419 4427 </div><div dir="auto"> </div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">Rév. Ismael Baptiste</div><div dir="auto">Scrétaire Exécutif de la Conférence des</div><div dir="auto">Pasteurs Haitiens (COPAH)</div><div dir="auto">Tél: +509 3575 8284</div><div dir="auto"> </div><div dir="auto"><i>(Translation by Michael Deibert, 17 February 2021) </i><br /></div>Michael Deiberthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04810256309168860637noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9111975950044318592.post-21570965711480188612020-12-30T09:01:00.004-05:002020-12-30T09:03:45.950-05:00Haiti’s Dangerous Crossroads<p><span style="font-size: small;">December 21, 2020 </span></p><p><b><span style="font-size: small;">Haiti’s Dangerous Crossroads</span></b></p><h2><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">As Haiti veers from its constitutional path and armed gangs compete for power, its civil society persists in spite of the odds</span></span></h2><h2><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">By Michael Deibert <br /></span></span></h2><h2><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Newlines Magazine</span></span></h2><h2><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">(Please read original article <a href="https://newlinesmag.com/essays/haitis-dangerous-crossroads/">here</a>) </span></span></h2><h2><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">At the end of November, a curious decree was published in <i>Le Moniteur</i>, the official journal of Haiti’s government. The edict announced the creation of a new security service, the <i>Agence nationale d’intelligence</i>
(ANI). Answerable only to the president and immune from criminal
charges without presidential approval, the ANI’s anonymous agents will
be tasked with the “monitoring of individuals and groups liable to
resort to violence and to undermine national security and social peace.”</span></span></h2><p><span style="font-size: small;">A
Caribbean nation of 11 million, sharing the island of Hispaniola with
the Dominican Republic, Haiti has rarely known a period free of
political tumult in its 217-year history. The country was forged in the
fires of the world’s only successful slave revolt. Marginalized by
outside nations aghast at the thought of a Black republic, bedeviled by
internecine political wars and repeated outside meddling (including a
1915 to 1934 military occupation by the United States), this nation of
what the Haitian author Lyonel Trouillot called “the children of heroes”
has not had an easy path.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">Few periods, however, have been as
tumultuous as the last year, as President Jovenel Moïse, in office since
February 2017, has squared off against a fractious opposition that has
thrown everything they have at him to drive him from power, without
apparent effect.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">From Haiti’s mist-shrouded mountains to its lush
rice fields to its glistening tropical beaches, warring politicians now
battle in a landscape of competing armed groups. The criminality and
economic anguish they stalk are far from natural occurrences like the
hurricanes that occasionally batter Haiti’s shores; they have been
created by powerful people both within and beyond its borders.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">Moïse, an agribusinessman known locally as <i>Nèg Bannann</i>
(The Banana Man), won the presidency by gaining 55.60% of the vote in a
crowded field in a November 2016 contest marked by feeble
participation. The opposition’s earlier promise to wait for voters with
“machetes and stones in hand” likely did not help turnout. With the vote
overseen by an interim president and political rival — former senator
Jocelerme Privert — it was the second attempt at holding a presidential
ballot after the first attempt was shelved due to violence and
allegations of fraud.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">Running as the candidate for the <i>Parti Haïtien Tèt Kale</i>
(PHTK) developed by former president and carnival singer Michel “Sweet
Micky” Martelly, Moïse promised an aggressive infrastructure program to
help revive Haiti’s economy, still struggling from January 2010’s
devastating earthquake.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">Despite the construction of miles of roads
and the beginnings of an effort to restructure Haiti’s faltering energy
grid, the reality has turned out somewhat differently. Moïse has been
dogged by allegations of corruption related to his business dealings
before becoming president. A 600-page audit of the Venezuelan low-cost
oil program known as PetroCaribe claimed that firms linked to Moïse took
part in an embezzlement scheme. Since 2018, a civil society movement
under the slogan <i>Kot kòb PetroCaribe a?</i> (“Where is the
PetroCaribe money?”) has demanded accountability for the funds, an end
to corruption, and other government abuses.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">Moïse denied links to
the scandal and called on the Organization of American States to
investigate, while frequently assailing what he charges is the “state
capture” of Haiti’s resources by corrupt business elites and their
political allies. Earlier this year, a government anti-corruption task
force published a report which concluded that, between March 2019 and
May 2020 alone, private oil companies operating in Haiti made $94
million in undue profits at the expense of the state.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">After all eight members of Haiti’s <i>Conseil électoral provisoire</i>
(CEP) resigned last July, Moïse created a new electoral council and
unilaterally named its members. Many have been tasked with organizing
local and federal elections and overseeing a commission to re-write
Haiti’s often-criticized 1987 constitution. The new document is slated
to be approved by a plebiscite, a move that left many stunned.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">The
president’s actions are “totally, wholly, bluntly unlawful,” says
Georges Michel, a Haitian historian and constitutional expert. “It is a
move towards arbitrary rule and dictatorship.”</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">Reached for
comment, Haiti’s Minister of Foreign Affairs Claude Joseph said that the
changes were needed, noting — correctly — that presidents have been
left to govern by decree several times in recent years as legislative
elections failed to occur on time. Joseph went on to say, “President
Moïse has been absolutely clear that he will not stand for a second
term. These reforms will serve no benefit to him but will pave the way
for a functioning democratic government in Haiti.”</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">In fairness,
Moïse’s aberrant actions have been equaled if not exceeded by those of
his political opposition, a different breed entirely from his civil
society opponents. They are a collection of men — for they are almost
all men — who have developed reputations for themselves at home often at
odds with how they wish to be perceived abroad.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">Before the terms
of most of its members expired in January, Haiti’s parliament was
regularly unable to reach quorum because its members didn’t show up for
work. In May 2019, rather than allow a vote on Moïse’s designate for
interim prime minister, a group of opposition senators led by Antonio
“Don Kato” Cheramy, a former rapper turned politician, destroyed the
meeting room. After Moïse nominated a Ministry of Finance official for
the same post four months later, opposition politicians, again led by
Don Kato, once more vandalized the parliamentary meeting hall. One of
the president’s fiercest critics, the former senator Moïse Jean-Charles,
recently demonstrated in front of the U.S. Embassy — a favorite target
of opposition ire — and vowed to “dismantle this political class to make
room for a new dynamic carried by young people.” This promise might
have sounded more convincing were it not coming from a 53-year-old man
who has not had a job outside of politics since the mid-1990s. In late
2019, an opposition-led armed strike forced the country to a standstill
for weeks, further wounding an already grievously ill economy and
achieving virtually nothing.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">Another of Moïse’s many recent
decrees seeks to classify protest strategies such as reducing freedom of
movement on public roads as “terrorist acts,” punishable by up to 50
years in prison.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">With many of their own families living safely
abroad, Haiti’s political operators appear to hold fast to Satan’s maxim
in Milton’s “Paradise Lost”: It is “better to reign in Hell than serve
in Heaven.”</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">As all of this goes on, Haiti’s security situation has disintegrated.
In the space of a few days, kidnappers seized a young doctor from the
Hôpital de l’Université d’Etat d’Haïti, a well-known guitarist from the
group Strings, and the wife of the head of the <i>Unité de sécurité générale du palais national</i> (USGPN), the police unit directly responsible for the president’s personal security. Haiti’s <i>Le Nouvelliste</i>
newspaper recently ran an account of one kidnapping victim that
detailed how kidnappers possessed “heavy weapons, dozens of vehicles and
government license plates,” performed reconnaissance on potential
targets’ social media accounts and were able to open the phones of their
victims without asking for security codes. In August, Monferrier
Dorval, head of the Port-au-Prince bar association and a well-known
attorney, was slain returning home, one of several such assassinations
in recent months.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">This landscape is even more dolorous when one pauses to consider that, in just over 25 years, Haiti has been host to the <i>Mission civile internationale en Haïti </i>(MICIVIH), the <i>Mission des Nations unies en Haïti</i> (MINUAH), the U.S.-led “Operation Uphold Democracy” in 1994, and, from 2004 to 2017, the <i>Mission des Nations unies pour la stabilisation en Haïti</i> (MINUSTAH), which eventually became the <i>Bureau intégré des Nations unies en Haïti</i> (BINUH), which is presiding over the current implosion.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">As the political situation in Haiti has deteriorated, the role of the <i>baz</i>
(base) — the armed groups in the country’s most impoverished quarters
acting as a kind of netherworld of neighborhood protector, tax
collector, muscle for political interests and freelance criminal — has
grown to ever more powerful levels.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">The <i>baz</i> are
descendants of other irregular paramilitary forces in Haitian history —
from the zinglin of the mid-1800s rule of Faustin Soulouque to <i>l’armée souffrante</i> of the renegade general Louis-Jean-Jacques Acaau to the <i>Tontons Macoutes</i> of dictator François Duvalier. One can almost pinpoint when the <i>baz</i>,
as a specific political modus operandi, overwhelmed Haiti’s democratic
sector and began the slow, inexorable poisoning of its political system.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">After
returning in October 1994 from an exile during which hundreds (perhaps
thousands) of his supporters were killed by the army and paramilitaries
(some of whose leaders were on the payroll of the CIA), then-president
Jean-Bertrand Aristide’s first order of business was to disband the
military that had overthrown him. He dissolved the military in April
1995 (which was illegal without a constitutional amendment, as the army
was still enshrined in Article 263 of the Haitian constitution). With
the creation of the <i>Police Nationale d’Haïti</i> (PNH) the following month, many hoped for a more humane face of public security in Haiti.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">The
PNH faced a rough economic landscape, however. In 1995, as part of an
IMF and World Bank-sponsored structural adjustment made with U.S.
President Bill Clinton’s support, Haiti lowered tariffs on imported rice
to 3% from 50%, quickly becoming the world’s fifth-largest importer of
U.S. rice. The backbone of the Haitian economy, local rice could not
compete with cheaper American imports, putting farmers out of work.
Those who fled the countryside to the cities found few jobs waiting for
them, as the early-1990s U.S. embargo that helped drive the military
regime that had ousted Aristide also wrecked Haiti’s manufacturing base.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">At a January 1996 meeting between the PNH and a gang that referred to itself as <i>Lame Wouj</i>
(The Red Army) in the seaside slum of Cité Soleil, a young policewoman
named Marie Christine Jeune criticized what she viewed as the
president’s attempts to co-opt the nascent police force by suggesting it
join forces with pro-government thugs. Two months later, a month after
Aristide left office, Jeune was found slain. It was the beginning of a
pattern of the killing of police officers who would not turn a blind eye
to illegal armed actors that continues to this day.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">That same year, Aristide founded the <i>Fanmi Lavalas</i> (Lavalas
Family) party. In the years leading up to and beyond Aristide’s 2001
return to office, the party nurtured a network of armed supporters in
marginalized communities. The network was referred to as <i>chimere</i>,
after a mythical fire-breathing demon. Many of the leaders of these
groups in Port-au-Prince had grown up in the orbit of Aristide’s Lafanmi
Selavi home for street children. When I was living in Haiti between
2001 and 2004, a number of them became my friends. They would receive a
little money for no-show jobs at state industries and, in return, were
expected to enthusiastically demonstrate for the president and terrorize
his opponents. They were in regular contact with the PNH. Almost none
of these young men would make it out of their 20s alive.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">Aristide
was overthrown in February 2004 after months of massive street protests
and an armed rebellion against his rule (a rebellion that began with the
<i>Lame Kanibal</i>, a formerly loyal gang in the northern city of
Gonaïves). After that, the young gunmen engaged in a brutal war of
attrition against police, then under the command of Léon Charles (who
would later be named as Haiti’s ambassador to the Organization of
American States and was recently re-appointed by Moïse as head of the
PNH), that became known as Operation Baghdad. Hundreds would die before
some level of stability returned when an unelected interim government
was replaced by René Préval, in his second turn at the helm of Haiti’s
ship of state. Préval, between his inauguration in May 2006 and Haiti’s
apocalyptic January 2010 earthquake, proved that he was Haiti’s wiliest
and most able politician.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">The only president in Haiti’s history
who twice turned power over to a democratically elected successor,
Préval – an agronomist by training – represented a figure in whom many
sides of Haiti’s stratified nation, from the rich in their villas above
Port-au-Prince to those in the slums, felt they had a representative. He
managed to bring a measure of tranquility to the divided country,
saying that Haiti was like a bottle that must rest on its broad base to
be secure. If it rested on its narrow mouth (the presidency and the
country’s elite), it would topple over and shatter.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">When the
earthquake struck Haiti in January 2010, destroying much of the capital
city and killing more than 300,000 people, Préval appeared at times
paralyzed when faced with the massive task of rebuilding. After a
fraught election during which the international community pressured him,
and as with his 2006 win, street protests erupted when it looked like
the leading candidate might be deprived of victory, Préval (who would
die in March 2017) turned the presidency over to Michel Martelly in May
2011. Many among Martelly’s entourage, including some advisers, had
either direct or family links to the dictatorship of Jean-Claude
Duvalier, who ruled Haiti from 1971 until his overthrow in 1986.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">Many
foreign commentators on Haiti couldn’t wrap their heads around the idea
that a right-wing populist who had previously performed in drag and a
diaper and had once released an album called “100% Kaka” could win a
contest for the presidency. But the Haitian sociologist and former
ambassador to the Dominican Republic, Guy Alexandre, saw things much
more clearly. He wrote that Martelly’s popularity was “explained by the
frustration of the population and its rejection of Préval, who has not
been able to manage the country after the earthquake… [Martelly] is
backed by former Duvalierists and the youth of the popular classes for
whom he represents a break with the traditional political system.”</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">A
little over a year after his election, Martelly would form the PHTK,
whose name — roughly translated as “Bald Headed Haitian Party” —
referred to Martelly’s gleaming pate. Corruption and patronage
flourished, and the PHTK would enthusiastically embrace the baz model,
as had many other political parties as it metastasized throughout
Haiti’s body politic.</span></p><p class="has-drop-cap"><span style="font-size: small;">In recent months,
despite the revival of the Haitian army in 2017, two specific armed
groups have risen to prominence as the government and its opponents
prosecute their struggle for power.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">Last year, while the
government negotiated with the PNH over the police department’s desire
to form a union, a gang calling itself <i>Fantôme 509</i> (the country
code for Haiti) and claiming to be dissident police began appearing at
demonstrations. Though certainly dominated by current and former
officers, there is some evidence that <i>Fantôme 509</i> also struck
an alliance with a gang operating out of the Village de Dieu slum.
Appearing masked and frequently shooting in the air and at vehicles, <i>Fantôme 509</i> is viewed widely as a wing of the opposition, and the rank-and-file PNH perceives the group’s members as outlaws.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">On
the opposite side is Jimmy “Barbecue” Chérizier, a former officer in
the PNH’s Unité Départementale pour le Maintien de l’Ordre (UDMO) who
went rogue following a November 2017 PNH raid against a gang in the
hillside slum of Grand Ravine during which at least two police officers
and 10 civilians died. Part of a larger neighborhood called Martissant,
Grand Ravine is a known opposition stronghold. About to be arrested amid
an investigation of the civilian deaths, Chérizier instead retreated to
his home base in the lower Delmas neighborhood of Port-au-Prince. He
was subsequently linked to a 2018 massacre in the capital’s slum of La
Saline that a United Nations report said left at least 26 people dead (a
report by the Haitian human rights group Réseau National de Défense des
Droits Humains, RNDDH, put the death toll at 71) and during which the
U.N. alleged involvement by two then-government officials.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">Chérizier
held a press conference last June, dressed in a suit and carrying a
machine gun, during which he announced the formation of the <i>G9 an fanmi e alye</i>,
an alliance of armed groups around the city. A month later, G9-allied
gunmen held a public demonstration in Port-au-Prince during which police
did not intervene. Though Chérizier specifically stated that he was not
“pro-government or pro-opposition,” many see the G9 as the government’s
bludgeon to clear out potentially troublesome elements from opposition
neighborhoods before as-yet-unscheduled elections are held. Speaking on
Radio Métropole last month, Moïse said, “I have no connection with these
bandits, I do not distribute money or weapons to them to maintain order
in their neighborhood.”</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">On December 10, Cherizier and the two
officials — Ministry of Interior functionary Fednel Monchery &
former West Department delegate Joseph Pierre Richard Duplan — were
sanctioned by the U.S. State Department for their alleged roles in the
La Saline killings.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">Many veteran observers feel the dynamic in
Haiti with the armed groups has begun to shift in recent years, with the
politicians no longer holding all the cards.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">“Many of the gang
leaders are very aware that they’re being used, and they want to start
doing things for themselves, especially when it comes to the next
elections,” says Louis-Henri Mars, the executive director of Lakou Lapè
(“peaceful community” in Creole), a group that promotes non-violence and
dialogue. Mars is the grandson of Haitian author Jean Price-Mars, one
of the founders of the <i>négritude</i> movement of Black
consciousness and has been involved working with the most marginalized
communities in the capital for decades. “You’re not going to become
mayor if the crew don’t say yes, you’re not going to become deputy.”</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">Earlier this month, the eminent Haitian jurist & <i>homme politique</i> Gérard Gourgue died at 95. Under the Duvalier dictatorship, he bravely created the <i>Ligue haïtienne des droits humains</i>,
and was repeatedly beaten and harassed by the tyrannical security
forces. He was briefly a member of the military-civilian junta after
Duvalier’s fall in 1986, and his likely victory in 1987 presidential
elections prompted the killing of voters in what became known as the
Ruelle Vaillant massacre. Still opposed to tyranny into his 70s, Gourgue
was a member of a wide-ranging opposition when Aristide began his drift
toward dictatorship. He was briefly proclaimed “provisional president”
in 2001, leading the school he ran to be attacked by Aristide partisans
as students cowered inside.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">Gourgue was one of the last of the
all-but-vanished generation of democratic activists that I met during my
first trips to Haiti in the 1990s, notable for their intellectual
brilliance. There was the economist, author, and political militant
Gérard Pierre-Charles. There was the former head of the <i>Parti unifié des communistes haïtiens</i>
René Théodore. There was the ex-priest turned human rights champion
Jean-Claude Bajeux, who had lost most of his family to Duvalierist
terror. All have since gone to join to the ancestors</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">It is not
easy to find these bright lights in Haiti’s political firmament anymore,
but if one knows where to look, one can still find them in the country
at large.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">The impoverished Cité Soleil is often characterized as a
place of violence, but it is a community where fishermen mend nets by
the glittering Caribbean and delicately-dressed schoolchildren skip down
dusty streets as residents struggle diligently to better their lives.
In such communities, one finds groups like the <i>Sant Kominote Altènatif Ak Lapè</i> and the <i>Konbit Solèy Leve</i>,
which have tasked themselves to provide residents with a world-class
library, which is already half-built. Further afield, one finds groups
like the <i>Asosyasyon Orijinè Granplenn</i> in the northern community
of Gros-Morne, which advocates for the interests of Haiti’s
long-suffering peasants. In Haiti, even those with the most impetus to
give up soldier on, often against extraordinary odds, <i>chèche lavi</i> (looking for life).</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">In an open letter in <i>Le Nouvelliste</i>
published a few months ago, an eminence who even predated Gérard
Gourgue’s generation, the 103-year-old author Odette Roy Fombrun,
confessed to her compatriots, “I am sad to leave my country in tatters.”</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">She then went on to implore them to:</span></p><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><div class="block__poetry w_100"> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><i><span style="font-size: small;">Rise
to the level of true citizens by agreeing to make personal sacrifices
in favor of the country, of political and economic stability, of the
return to the constitutional path, and the strengthening of
institutions. It is imperative to stop this descent into hell with the
humility of each of us to recognize that, alone, not in small, dispersed
groups, we can do nothing. …Wisdom and love of country require us to
work together.</span></i></p> </div><p><span style="font-size: small;">As they stand, daggers drawn, one hopes that Haiti’s political actors hear her plea.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></p>Michael Deiberthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04810256309168860637noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9111975950044318592.post-25353228245947489062020-06-22T16:29:00.000-04:002020-06-22T16:29:29.380-04:00Dominican Republic: George Floyd protests spark reckoning with race as elections loom <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Mon 15 Jun 2020<br />
<br />
<b>Dominican Republic: George Floyd protests spark reckoning with race as elections loom </b><br />
<br />
By Michael Deibert <br />
<br />
The Guardian<br />
<br />
(Read original article <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/15/dominican-republic-haiti-racism-election-protest">here</a>)<br />
<br />
As demonstrations were held around the world against racism and police
brutality, a group of protesters arrived last week at Santo Domingo’s
Parque Independencia to honor the memory of George Floyd, the African
American man killed by Minneapolis police.
<br />
The vigil had been convened by Reconocido (Recognized), a local
organization that describes itself as made up primarily of Dominicans of
Haitian descent – a group that <a class="u-underline" data-link-name="in body link" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/16/dominican-republic-haiti-deportation-residency-permits">routinely </a><a class="u-underline" data-link-name="in body link" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/16/dominican-republic-haiti-deportation-residency-permits">faces racist discrimination</a>.<br />
<br />
But counter-protesters were waiting for them: an ultranationalist
organization dubbing itself the Antigua Orden Dominicana (Old Dominican
Order) had called on social networks for people to come out and “defend
against the Haitian invasion”.<br />
<br />
As Reconocido members tried to hold their event, the
counter-protesters shouted invective at them. Police officers stood by,
and when they eventually intervened, it was to bundle Reconocido’s
leader, Ana María Belique, and another activist off to jail.<br />
<br />
“What happened shows the levels of intolerance that exist here
regarding the issue of race,” said Belique, who was released hours later
without charges. “Perhaps if George Floyd was not black and if we were
not an anti-racist collective, it might be different. Because everything
black in this country evokes <a class="u-underline" data-link-name="in body link" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/haiti">Haiti</a> – as if it were an affront to this nation that turns its back on its black identity.”<br />
<br />
The <a class="u-underline" data-link-name="in body link" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/dominicanrepublic">Dominican Republic</a>
shares both the island of Hispaniola and an uneasy history with Haiti –
the country from which it gained its independence in 1844. It has
traditionally provided an escape valve for Haitians fleeing political
upheaval and economic desperation at home, even as they are sometimes
viewed – often unfairly – as competing with poor Dominicans for low-wage
jobs.<br />
<br />
The global wave of Black Lives Matter protests reached the <a class="u-underline" data-component="auto-linked-tag" data-link-name="auto-linked-tag" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/dominicanrepublic">Dominican Republic</a>
as the country approaches 5 July presidential elections that some
believe may put an end to 24 years of nearly uninterrupted governance by
the Partido de la Liberación Dominicana (the Dominican Liberation
party, or PLD).<br />
<br />
The PLD first took the presidency in 1996 through a Faustian bargain
with the longtime caudillo Joaquín Balaguer, after a campaign marked by
fraud and racist incitement that finally saw Leonel Fernández take the
presidential sash.<br />
<br />
With the PLD now beset by various scandals – and bitterly divided
between wings loyal to current president Danilo Medina (in office since
2012 and running the former government minister Gonzalo Castillo as his
successor) and Fernández (who is mounting his own presidential campaign
at the head of the Fuerza del Pueblo coalition) – polls suggest the
ballot may be won by Luis Abinader of the opposition Partido
Revolucionario Moderno (PRM).<br />
<br />
What this may mean for the discourse on race in the Dominican
Republic remains to be seen. The country’s agriculture, tourism and
construction sectors largely depend on immigrant Haitian labor, but over
the last decade, generations of Dominicans of Haitian descent have seen
a series of court rulings <a class="u-underline" data-link-name="in body link" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/19/dominican-republic-violated-human-rights-haitians-citizens">gradually strip them of their nationality</a>.<br />
<br />
“Even the political parties that have been seen as more friendly on
these issues have been quiet,” said Amarilys Estrella, a visiting
professor with the department of social and cultural analysis at New
York University.<br />
<br />
“All of this silence allows for the amplification of a small group of
ultra-nationalists who are anti-Haitian and also anti-black. Even
people who might not agree with what is happening might not speak out
because they fear they might be a target.”<br />
<br />
That fear is rooted in history: an October 1937 speech by the
dictator Rafael Trujillo launched a pogrom against Haitians in the
country which would eventually become known as “the Parsley Massacre” or
el Corte (the Cutting). At least 10,000 and perhaps up to 20,000
Haitians die during a weeks-long paroxysm of genocidal rage.<br />
<br />
Acts of public violence against Haitians in the Dominican Republic
still happen from time to time, with one of the better-known recent
cases being <a class="u-underline" data-link-name="in body link" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/12/dominican-republic-lynching-haiti-fears-human-rights">the lynching of a Haitian man</a> in the northern city of Santiago in 2015.<br />
<br />
However, protests against corruption and electoral meddling that
shook the country earlier this year saw a multiracial and often quite
youthful front taking to the streets in what many observers agreed was
an unprecedented show of civic discontent that may be a harbinger of
future change.<br />
<br />
“The young people are in many ways attuned to transnational networks
and conversations,” says Lorgia García Peña, an associate professor in
the department of romance languages and literatures at Harvard
University.<br />
<br />
“The language that is being used right now is purposeful. There has
been a more global contextualization of the intersection of race, class
and economic exploitation that this young generation is much more aware
of.”<br />
<br />
</div>
Michael Deiberthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04810256309168860637noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9111975950044318592.post-88895422567282693572020-06-18T13:45:00.001-04:002020-06-18T13:45:12.209-04:00Donde las vidas de los negros importaban primero en las Américas<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span><span data-offset-key="bktr9-0-0" style="font-weight: bold;"><span data-text="true">Donde las vidas de los negros importaban primero en las Américas</span></span></span><br />
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<span data-text="true"> </span></div>
<div class="_1mf _1mj" data-offset-key="fvpth-0-0">
<span data-text="true">Por </span><span data-text="true">Michael Deibert</span></div>
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<span><span data-offset-key="94clp-0-0"><span data-text="true">El Nuevo Día </span></span></span></div>
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<span><span data-offset-key="94clp-0-0"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="_1mf _1mj" data-offset-key="9umu3-0-0">
<span><span data-offset-key="94clp-0-0"><span data-text="true">(Read the original article <a href="https://www.elnuevodia.com/opinion/columnas/dondelasvidasdelosnegrosimportabanprimeroenlasamericas-columna-2576358/">here</a>) </span></span></span></div>
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<span data-offset-key="9umu3-0-0"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx" data-block="true" data-editor="4l3v" data-offset-key="86l6i-0-0">
<div class="_1mf _1mj" data-offset-key="86l6i-0-0">
<span data-offset-key="86l6i-0-0"><span data-text="true">La
imagen del asesinato de George Floyd, el hombre afroamericano al que
oficiales de la policía de Minneapolis le exprimieron la vida el pasado
25 de mayo, le estrujó el corazón al mundo. El terrible simbolismo de
ese acto -un cuerpo negro postrado y finalmente extinguido por el peso
insoportable del racismo sistémico – es imposible de ignorar.</span></span></div>
<div class="_1mf _1mj" data-offset-key="86l6i-0-0">
<span data-offset-key="86l6i-0-0"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx" data-block="true" data-editor="4l3v" data-offset-key="6qqvp-0-0">
<div class="_1mf _1mj" data-offset-key="6qqvp-0-0">
<span data-offset-key="6qqvp-0-0"><span data-text="true">Es
cierto que una buena parte de la historia del Caribe también ha sido
escrita en sangre, primero por la exterminación de sus habitantes
nativos, y luego por la llegada forzosa de millones de esclavos
africanos como parte del infernal sistema de la esclavitud y
cautiverio. Sin embargo, en medio de esa dolorosa historia, el Caribe
también provee un ejemplo del insaciable deseo humano de ser libre.</span></span></div>
<div class="_1mf _1mj" data-offset-key="6qqvp-0-0">
<span data-offset-key="6qqvp-0-0"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx" data-block="true" data-editor="4l3v" data-offset-key="chbof-0-0">
<div class="_1mf _1mj" data-offset-key="chbof-0-0">
<span data-offset-key="chbof-0-0"><span data-text="true">Haití,
que ocupa el tercio occidental de la isla de La Española, que comparte
con la República Dominicana, nació en los fuegos de la máquina de la
esclavitud. Luego de la llegada de Colón en 1492, los arauacos nativos
fueron rápidamente esclavizados y obligados a trabajar hasta la muerte
por los españoles, y, a manera de reemplazo, hacia mediados de los 1500
ya había sobre 30,000 esclavos africanos en la isla, apenas un
preludio de lo que vendría después.</span></span></div>
<div class="_1mf _1mj" data-offset-key="chbof-0-0">
<span data-offset-key="chbof-0-0"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx" data-block="true" data-editor="4l3v" data-offset-key="cg2fv-0-0">
<div class="_1mf _1mj" data-offset-key="cg2fv-0-0">
<span data-offset-key="cg2fv-0-0"><span data-text="true">La
economía de Saint-Domingue, como se conoció una vez los franceses
obtuvieron el control gracias al Tratado de Ryswick, se basaba en el
cultivo de azúcar. Hacia fines de los 1700, suplía tres cuartas partes
del azúcar que se consumía en todo el mundo, y su economía generaba más
ingresos que todas las 13 colonias estadounidenses originales
combinadas. Muy pronto se convirtió en la más próspera colonia
francesa, pero también en un lugar donde la población de 40,000 blancos
dominaba a más de 30,000 mulatos y negros libres y a 500,000 esclavos
en condiciones de brutalidad propias de una pesadilla.</span></span></div>
<div class="_1mf _1mj" data-offset-key="cg2fv-0-0">
<span data-offset-key="cg2fv-0-0"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx" data-block="true" data-editor="4l3v" data-offset-key="5it02-0-0">
<div class="_1mf _1mj" data-offset-key="5it02-0-0">
<span data-offset-key="5it02-0-0"><span data-text="true">La
noche del 14 de agosto de 1791, un imponente supervisor negro traído
de Jamaica, llamado Boukman, condujo una larga y compleja ceremonia de
vudú a las afueras de Cap-Français (hoy día Cap-Haïtien) en Bwa Cayman
(El Bosque del Cocodrilo) en medio de una dramática tormenta tropical,
durante la cual los esclavos presentes juraron levantarse contra sus
amos. Lo hicieron. En agosto de 1793, Toussaint Bréda (así llamado por
la plantación de Bréda, donde servía como capataz) anunció que se
cambiaba el nombre a Toussaint Louverture en una proclamación en la que
declaró: “He emprendido la venganza. Quiero que la libertad y la
igualdad reinen en Saint-Domingue”.</span></span></div>
<div class="_1mf _1mj" data-offset-key="5it02-0-0">
<span data-offset-key="5it02-0-0"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx" data-block="true" data-editor="4l3v" data-offset-key="94do7-0-0">
<div class="_1mf _1mj" data-offset-key="94do7-0-0">
<span data-offset-key="94do7-0-0"><span data-text="true">Una
serie de extraordinarias personalidades se unieron a la rebelión de
Louverture, tales como el exesclavo convertido en gran comandante
militar Jean-Jacques Dessalines. También estaba Henri Christophe, un
exesclavo angloparlante que se creía era originario de Grenada y de
quien se pensaba que de joven había combatido junto a las fuerzas
francesas durante el Sitio de Savannah en la Guerra de Independencia de
los Estados Unidos. Y además estaba Alexandre Pétion, cuya ascendencia
blanca y mulata lo convertía en un gens de couleur (hombre libre de
color) y quien había sido educado en Francia antes de volver a
Saint-Domingue.</span></span></div>
<div class="_1mf _1mj" data-offset-key="94do7-0-0">
<span data-offset-key="94do7-0-0"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx" data-block="true" data-editor="4l3v" data-offset-key="bd15a-0-0">
<div class="_1mf _1mj" data-offset-key="bd15a-0-0">
<span data-offset-key="bd15a-0-0"><span data-text="true">La
rebelión continuaría a tropezones durante 13 largos años marcados por
el sectarismo, la traición (Louverture sería secuestrado por los
franceses y moriría en una solitaria celda en las montañas de Jura, en
1803) y sufrimientos frecuentemente horrorosos. Las fuerzas haitianas
finalmente derrotaron a las francesas en la Batalla de Vertières en
noviembre de 1803 y, el 1ro. de enero de 1804 fue declarada la República
de Haití (el triunfante Dessalines recuperó el antiguo nombre arauaco
de la isla).</span></span></div>
<div class="_1mf _1mj" data-offset-key="bd15a-0-0">
<span data-offset-key="bd15a-0-0"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx" data-block="true" data-editor="4l3v" data-offset-key="1gd4b-0-0">
<div class="_1mf _1mj" data-offset-key="1gd4b-0-0">
<span data-offset-key="1gd4b-0-0"><span data-text="true">Aunque
no es un hecho tan conocido como los contornos amplios de la
revolución en sí (como tampoco lo es el subsiguiente exterminio de
prácticamente toda la población francesa que quedaba en la isla,
ordenado por Dessalines), la Revolución Haitiana también proveyó un
marco de referencia para los frentes multirraciales contra el sistema
de las plantaciones. Miles de soldados polacos, reclutados por Francia
para luchar contra los esclavos rebeldes, terminaron desertando y
uniéndose a la causa rebelde, ganando así ciudadanía haitiana
honorífica tras el triunfo de la revolución. Aun hoy día uno puede
conocer a algunos de sus descendientes en el pueblo de Cazale, en el
valle de Artibonite, al norte de la capital, Port-au-Prince.</span></span></div>
<div class="_1mf _1mj" data-offset-key="1gd4b-0-0">
<span data-offset-key="1gd4b-0-0"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx" data-block="true" data-editor="4l3v" data-offset-key="l6oi-0-0">
<div class="_1mf _1mj" data-offset-key="l6oi-0-0">
<span data-offset-key="l6oi-0-0"><span data-text="true">No
obstante, el infernal sistema aún continuaría en el resto de las
Américas. En los Estados Unidos se necesitarían sesenta años más y una
sangrienta Guerra Civil para ponerle fin. En Puerto Rico, donde los
esclavos se unieron al levantamiento del Grito de Lares contra los
españoles, continuaría hasta 1873. En Cuba existió hasta 1886 y en
Brasil se sostuvo hasta 1888.</span></span></div>
<div class="_1mf _1mj" data-offset-key="l6oi-0-0">
<span data-offset-key="l6oi-0-0"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx" data-block="true" data-editor="4l3v" data-offset-key="3io8o-0-0">
<div class="_1mf _1mj" data-offset-key="3io8o-0-0">
<span data-offset-key="3io8o-0-0"><span data-text="true">Sin
embargo, las palabras de la Declaración de Independencia de Haití,
proclamada en la ciudad de Gonaïves en 1804, aún resuenan a través de
los siglos:</span></span></div>
<div class="_1mf _1mj" data-offset-key="3io8o-0-0">
<span data-offset-key="3io8o-0-0"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx" data-block="true" data-editor="4l3v" data-offset-key="4mhnp-0-0">
<div class="_1mf _1mj" data-offset-key="4mhnp-0-0">
<i><span data-text="true">No
basta con haber expulsado a los bárbaros que han ensangrentado nuestra
tierra durante siglos … Debemos, con un último acto de autoridad
nacional, asegurar para siempre el imperio de la libertad en el país
donde nacimos; debemos quitarle al gobierno inhumano que por tanto
tiempo nos mantuvo en el letargo más humillante toda esperanza de
reesclavizarnos... Debemos vivir independientes o morir. Independencia o
muerte, dejemos que esas palabras sagradas nos unan y sean la señal de
batalla y de nuestra reunión.</span></i></div>
</div>
</div>
Michael Deiberthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04810256309168860637noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9111975950044318592.post-64479013548286511872020-06-08T08:50:00.000-04:002020-06-08T08:50:00.871-04:00'Our heritage is abandoned': burning of Haitian church fuels anger at politicians<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 class="css-rtdfvn">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">'Our heritage is abandoned': burning of Haitian church fuels anger at politicians</span></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Damage to part of Unesco world heritage site is emblematic of uncaring government, critics say</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">By Michael Deibert </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Published on Fri 17 Apr 2020 12.45 BST </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Guardian </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">(Read original article <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/17/haiti-church-burned-unesco-world-heritage">here</a>)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Cultural leaders in <a data-link-name="in body link" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/haiti">Haiti</a>
have described the gutting by fire of a celebrated 200-year-old church
as an avoidable tragedy that highlights the fragility of the Caribbean
nation’s patrimony – and the need to preserve its historical treasures.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception church in the town of Milot is
part of a Unesco world heritage site that includes the ruins of the Sans
Souci palace and the Citadelle Laferrière, an imposing fort that looms
over Haiti’s northern plains.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Fire tore through
the church on Monday, causing its distinctive black wooden dome to
collapse. The cause of the blaze has not been determined, but some saw
it as indicative of the malaise of misrule that has long bedeviled the
island – some of it locally rooted, and some imported by more powerful
neighbors.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">“[For years] we have been asking the state to
ensure the protection of these colonial dwellings, which are important
as monuments of slavery, yet nothing has been done,” said Laënnec
Hurbon, a sociologist with the State University of Haiti.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">“But
the state spends its time buying luxurious cars for ministers,
functionaries and parliamentarians. It is therefore not surprising that
everything concerning the national heritage is abandoned.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
church was constructed between 1810 and 1813 by Henri Christophe, one
of a cadre of revolutionary leaders including Toussaint Louverture and <a data-link-name="in body link" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/07/haiti-looks-to-revolutionary-hero-dessalines">Jean-Jacques Dessalines</a> who helped Haiti oust the French and end the system of slavery.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Christophe
went on to declare himself King Henry I and ruled in autocratic
splendour over northern Haiti until his death by suicide in 1820 amid a
protracted civil war.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">On Christophe’s death,
the church was ransacked, and its dome had collapsed following an 1842
earthquake. In the 1970s, the renowned Haitian architect Albert Mangonès
led an effort to restore the complex. It was named a world heritage
site in 1982.</span></span></div>
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<div class="css-h6rhrn">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Some worry the legacy that the buildings at Milot attest to is being lost amid Haiti’s current political upheaval.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">“The structural inequalities in our society mean
there has never been an education accessible to all that would teach the
idea of the common good,” says the Haitian author Yanick Lahens.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a data-link-name="in body link" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/dec/05/killers-lurk-in-the-shadows-as-haiti-chaos-takes-a-sinister-turn">Haiti has been shaken by often violent unrest for months</a>,
prompted in part by a long multibillion-dollar corruption scandal which
has engulfed the administration of President Jovenel Moïse.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Despite
the political battles, however, the church seems to pierce to the heart
of Haiti’s national identity, across party lines.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In
a letter to the government after the fire, educational and civil
society figures called on the nation’s political leaders to “stop this
denial of our history as a people [as] only these monuments remain,
testimonies of our history of struggles, suffering and hope.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">One
former president, Prosper Avril, who ruled the country from 1988 to
1990, has called for a taskforce to protect the country’s cultural
heritage.</span></span></div>
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<div class="css-h6rhrn">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In a land that often seems beset by
internecine political vendettas, some hope that even in this dire
moment, the church’s reconstruction might serve as a point of unity.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">“The
royal chapel of Milot is a testimony to the history of our people,”
said Erol Josué, director of Haiti’s national bureau of ethnology (BNE).
“The Haitian state should engage all layers of the population in its
reconstruction, because this is our heritage.”</span></span></div>
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Michael Deiberthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04810256309168860637noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9111975950044318592.post-74984091108035411052020-04-14T14:34:00.001-04:002020-04-14T14:34:35.326-04:00L’église de Milot qui vient de prendre feu est un monument unique <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
[I was interviewed by Ayibo Post about the terribly sad devastation by
fire of the church adjoining the Palais Sans-Souci in Haiti's Milot,
outside Cap-Haïtien. Both structures sit beneath the magnificent
Citadelle Laferrière, built by Henri Christophe between 1805 and 1820. MD]<br />
<br />
<b>L’église de Milot qui vient de prendre feu est un monument unique </b><br />
<br />
Ayibo Post <b><br /></b><br />
<br />
(Read the original article <a href="https://ayibopost.com/leglise-de-milot-qui-vient-de-prendre-feu-est-un-monument-unique/">here</a>.) <br />
<br />
L’église de Milot, patrimoine historique
du pays construit entre 1810 et 1813, a pris feu ce 13 avril 2020,
l’année de la célébration du bicentenaire de la mort du roi bâtisseur<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Le roi Henri 1er doit se retourner dans
la tombe dans laquelle il repose depuis 200 ans. Son église, la chapelle
royale de Milot classé au patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO, a connu un
incendie ce matin du 13 avril 2020. Les préparations pour la
commémoration de la mort du roi prennent donc un grand coup. Le
patrimoine historique du pays aussi.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
« C’est désolant, regrette Erol Josué,
directeur du Bureau national d’ethnologie (BNE). Je connais la chapelle,
je vais souvent à Milot dans le cadre de mon travail sur la
préservation du patrimoine immatériel. C’est une perte importante. »</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Télémaque Henri Claude, l’un des maires
de la commune de Milo, déplore aussi cet incident regrettable. « Cela
s’est passé entre minuit et deux heures du matin, estime-t-il. La
population a donné l’alarme, l’église était déjà en feu. Maintenant nous
ne pouvons plus parler de chapelle de Milot, mais de ruines. Nous avons
fait un grand pas en arrière »</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
La commune de Milot ne dispose d’aucun
service d’incendie. Les camions des sapeurs-pompiers qui ont accouru sur
les lieux venaient du Cap-Haïtien, à plus de 15 kilomètres de la
commune.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
« Les pompiers ont fait de leur mieux,
assure le maire. Mais quand ils sont arrivés, il n’y avait pas moyen
d’éclairer la scène pour qu’ils puissent mieux travailler. De plus,
l’église est située en hauteur, et les pompiers ne pouvaient pas amener
l’eau jusque-là. »</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Incendie criminel ?</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Il est encore trop tôt pour déterminer
l’origine de l’incendie. Mais toutes les pistes sont ouvertes. « En
général, c’est une zone où les gens restent tard. À cause du couvre-feu
imposé pour le coronavirus, dit Télémaque Henri Claude, il n’y avait
pratiquement personne aux alentours de l’église à cette heure. Tout le
monde était rentré. Nous ne pouvons donc pas savoir ce qui s’est
réellement passé, et c’est une enquête qui pourra le déterminer. Mais ce
serait regrettable que le feu soit volontaire. »</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Frédérick Mangonès est architecte. Il a
passé plus de 20 ans de sa carrière à restaurer la citadelle Laferrière
et le Palais Sans-souci, classés au patrimoine mondial de l’humanité.
« On ne peut évidemment pas encore déterminer ce qui s’est passé,
dit-il, mais il y avait une installation électrique dans le dôme. Il est
construit en bois. Mais il n’y avait même pas un extincteur dans
l’église ; cela pose le problème de la sécurité dans nos monuments
historiques. »</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Selon le maire de Milot, il y a des
agents de sécurité sur le site, car l’église fait partie du Parc
national historique, dans lequel on retrouve aussi la citadelle
Laferrière et le palais Sans Souci.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Des actes de vandalisme auraient aussi
été dirigés contre la citadelle Laferrière, rapporte Erol Josué, ce qui
lui fait craindre un acte prémédité. « La porte vitrée du musée de
l’artillerie, l’un des plus grands de la Caraïbe, a été brisée samedi
soir », informe le directeur du BNE.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Le dôme, un bijou d’architecture</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
L’architecte Frédérick Mangonès mêle sa
voix au concert de dénonciation de l’incendie. « L’église de Milot est
la seule dans le pays qui a cette structure circulaire. Le dôme qui la
recouvre est particulièrement bien fait, même si ce n’est pas
l’original. »</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
« Pour l’époque où le dôme a été
construit, c’était un vrai tour de force, comme beaucoup d’autres
aspects de l’architecture du palais Sans Souci. »</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Ce premier dôme était en très mauvais
état. Les Américains, sous l’occupation, et peu avant leur départ, l’ont
reconstruit. « Ils ont fait du bon travail, et l’ont remplacé par une
structure moderne, en bois, dit-il. Cependant, je crois qu’il était
disproportionné par rapport à la base. L’architecte qui a construit le
palais Sans Souci est de toute évidence un professionnel de premier
ordre. Je ne crois pas qu’il avait construit un dôme aussi grand. »</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Le dôme de l’église allait bientôt être
restauré. « Il y a consensus qu’il fallait le restaurer, continue
Frédérick Mangonès. Mais le débat portait surtout sur ses proportions.
Personnellement, je pensais qu’il en fallait un nouveau, adapté
proportionnellement à la base. »</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
L’église de Milot, en plus de sa portée
historique, aurait une signification ésotérique dans son architecture.
L’ingénieur Claude Prépetit, dans un <a href="https://lenouvelliste.com/article/186897/ce-que-nous-voile-leglise-de-milot-du-roi-henri-christophe">article</a>,
a fait une « étude symbolique », c’est-à-dire une « analyse rigoureuse
des nombres et des formes sacrés habilement dissimulés » dans
l’architecture de l’église. L’ingénieur, connu surtout pour ses travaux
sur les séismes, se demande si l’église de Milot n’est pas « un
catalyseur de la conscience humaine et des énergies de la nature qui
émettait des ondes de formes positives et bénéfiques au royaume du roi
Henri. »</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Restaurer le patrimoine</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
L’incendie de l’église Milot met la
lumière sur les faiblesses du pays en termes de protection du patrimoine
matériel et immatériel. L’UNESCO et l’Institut de sauvegarde du
patrimoine national (ISPAN) ont un programme en commun de restauration
de certains sites comme le Parc national historique.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
« Dans les autres pays de la région, les
sites sont mis en valeur, dit Frédérick Mangonès. Chez nous, les moyens
mis à la disposition de l’ISPAN sont une goutte d’eau comparée à la mer
de ce qu’il faut réaliser. L’ISPAN a fait un inventaire des sites du
pays. Il ne s’agit pas seulement des architectures militaires, mais
aussi des systèmes civils comme les aqueducs, etc. »</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Erol Josué croit que les responsables de
l’État ont un grand rôle à jouer pour éviter que ces incidents se
reproduisent. « Nous nous occupons tout le temps de politique, nous
n’allons pas au rythme de la société, pour grandir, dit le directeur du
BNE. Il y a un lien entre l’ignorance des gens et la protection du
patrimoine. Cet incident nous affaiblit encore plus. Nous avons beaucoup
de sites historiques, mais nous n’avons pas assez pour qu’ils soient
détruits. »</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Le Parc national historique est
important pour le secteur déjà affaibli du tourisme. Michael Deibert, un
journaliste, auteur et professeur invité à l’université de Lisbonne a
travaillé pendant plus de 20 ans en Haïti. Il croit que l’importance de
ce parc va au-delà du pays. « La citadelle Laferrière et le Palais Sans
Souci sont parmi les monuments historiques les plus importants de
l’hémisphère Nord », dit-il.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
« C’est là que l’abolition de
l’esclavage a commencé en Amérique, continue-t-il. Visiter le nord
d’Haïti, et comprendre le courage de ceux qui se sont révoltés contre ce
système infernal est une profonde et bouleversante expérience. »</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><a href="https://ayibopost.com/author/merancourtw/">Widlore Mérancourt</a> a participé à ce reportage.</b></div>
</div>
Michael Deiberthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04810256309168860637noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9111975950044318592.post-9633781836406861532019-12-31T13:15:00.000-05:002019-12-31T13:15:20.143-05:002019: A Reporter's Notebook of the Year Gone By<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz5JwGh3OTPduslvSNHoRla9uZFqmjIP3WrGDicVljgBwKIxBNfqp-hbHzTHFrio1Z5OEPb2l6gGfqyMyX3jIX0j5j0Chv65OZnRgp9iVkNnGR3gm-zaLV2uoNWmIMqooniRWfKF9A3BTP/s1600/C58D5352-1C56-45ED-B7A0-B600B64B1332.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1280" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz5JwGh3OTPduslvSNHoRla9uZFqmjIP3WrGDicVljgBwKIxBNfqp-hbHzTHFrio1Z5OEPb2l6gGfqyMyX3jIX0j5j0Chv65OZnRgp9iVkNnGR3gm-zaLV2uoNWmIMqooniRWfKF9A3BTP/s320/C58D5352-1C56-45ED-B7A0-B600B64B1332.JPG" width="256" /></a></div>
<br />
This past year was quite an eventful one, marked by the
publication of my fifth book, a move to Puerto Rico and the honor of
witnessing the <i>verano boricua</i> here in San Juan this past summer. Below are the articles that came out of this very fruitful time.<br />
<br />
Some
exciting things are afoot for the new year. As always in my work, I
will try to help bring the voices of those on the downside of advantage,
too long ignored, to a wider audience and empower the forces of basic
human decency & compassion against what kind seem like a grim
world and the remorseless, pitiless machines of its malefactors.</div>
<div>
<div>
<br />
To
all near and far who I have been lucky enough to cross paths with, I
ask you to never, despite everything, lose your capacity to marvel at
the beauty of the world and the belief that, in the words of Carlos
Fuentes, there must be something beyond slaughter and barbarism to support the existence of mankind and we must all help search for it.<br />
<br />
xxx<br />
<br />
M <i> </i><br />
</div>
</div>
<div>
<i><a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-11-19/haiti-president-vows-to-defy-protests-and-free-captured-state">Haiti’s President Vows to Defy Protests and Free ‘Captured’ State</a> </i>for Bloomberg (19 November 2019)</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-11-06/puerto-rico-senator-among-eight-arrested-in-raids-by-u-s-fbi"><i>Puerto Rico Senator Among Eight Arrested in Raids by FBI </i></a>for Bloomberg (6 November 2019)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-11-06/san-juan-mayor-race-becomes-test-of-puerto-rico-s-new-politics"><i>San Juan Mayor Race Becomes Test of Puerto Rico’s New Politics</i></a> for Bloomberg (6 November 2019)</div>
<br />
<div>
<div>
<a href="http://michaeldeibert.blogspot.com/2019/10/jacmel-in-all-my-dreams.html"><i>Jacmel in all my dreams</i></a> in Michael Deibert's Blog (28 October 2019) </div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-28/puerto-rico-official-says-fbi-visited-requested-information"><i>Puerto Rico Official Says FBI Visited, Requested Information</i></a> for Bloomberg (28 October 2019)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-24/puerto-rico-floats-20-billion-overhaul-for-battered-power-grid"><i>Puerto Rico Floats $20 Billion Overhaul for Battered Power Grid</i></a> for Bloomberg (24 October 2019)</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-16/puerto-rico-senator-pushes-anticorruption-bill-after-arrests"><i>Puerto Rico Senator Pushes Anticorruption Bill After Arrests</i></a> for Bloomberg (16 October 2019)</div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-15/shootout-in-puerto-rico-housing-project-leaves-six-dead"><i><br /></i></a></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-15/shootout-in-puerto-rico-housing-project-leaves-six-dead"><i>Gun Battle in Puerto Rico Housing Project Leaves Six Dead</i></a> for Bloomberg (15 October 2019) </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-09/voter-anger-spreads-in-dominican-republic-s-miracle-economy"><i>Voter Anger Spreads in Dominican Republic’s Miracle Economy</i></a> for Bloomberg (9 October 2019) </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-07/puerto-rico-board-s-proposed-pension-cuts-spark-anger"><i>Puerto Rico Board’s Proposed Pension Cuts Spark Anger</i></a> for Bloomberg (7 October 2019)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-09-15/grijalva-to-propose-major-changes-to-puerto-rico-s-promesa-law"><i>Grijalva to Propose Changes to Puerto Rico Promesa Law</i></a> for Bloomberg (15 September 2019)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-09-10/puerto-rico-fema-officials-misused-hurricane-funds-u-s-says"><i>FEMA Officials Charged With Puerto Rico Hurricane Aid Fraud</i></a> for Bloomberg (10 September 2019)</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-08/puerto-rico-has-had-three-governors-in-a-week-no-4-is-on-deck"><i>Puerto Rico Had Three Governors in a Week. No. 4 Is on Deck</i></a> for Bloomberg (4 August 2019)</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-07/puerto-rico-high-court-tosses-pierluisi-from-governor-s-office"><i>Third Puerto Rico Governor Since Friday Steps Up Reluctantly</i></a> for Bloomberg (7 August 2019)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-06/battle-for-power-in-puerto-rico-heads-to-island-s-supreme-court"><i>Battle for Power in Puerto Rico Heads to Island’s Supreme Court</i></a> for Bloomberg (6 August 2019)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-05/puerto-rico-s-leadership-crisis-deepens-as-senate-president-sues"><i>Puerto Rico’s Succession Drama Shifts to Island’s High Court</i></a> for Bloomberg (5 August 2019)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-02/puerto-rico-s-governor-is-going-who-comes-next-is-less-certain"><i>Puerto Rico Governor’s Office is Occupied, Maybe by a Governor</i></a> for Bloomberg (2 August 2019) </div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-01/puerto-rico-s-time-is-running-out-amid-succession-crisis"><i><br /></i></a></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-01/puerto-rico-s-time-is-running-out-amid-succession-crisis"><i>Puerto Rico Succession Crisis Escalates After Vote Delayed</i></a> for Bloomberg (1 August 2019)</div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-07-30/puerto-rico-governor-is-running-out-of-time-to-name-successor"><i><br /></i></a></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-07-30/puerto-rico-governor-is-running-out-of-time-to-name-successor"><i>Puerto Rico Governor Is Running Out of Time to Name Successor</i></a> for Bloomberg (20 July 2019)</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-07-29/puerto-rico-s-crisis-could-break-its-two-party-system"><i>Puerto Rico’s Crisis Could Break Its Two-Party System </i></a>for Bloomberg (29 July 2019)</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-07-29/puerto-rican-succession-crisis-escalates-as-governor-set-to-exit"><i>Puerto Rican Succession Crisis Escalates as Governor Set to Exit</i></a> for Bloomberg (29 July 2019)</div>
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</div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-07-28/wanda-vazquez-says-she-doesn-t-want-puerto-rico-governor-post"><i>Wanda Vazquez Says She Doesn’t Want Puerto Rico Governor </i></a>for Bloomberg (28 July 2019)</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-07-24/puerto-rico-lawmakers-push-to-impeach-crisis-beset-governor"><i>Puerto Rico Governor’s Resignation Shakes Bankrupt Island </i></a>for Bloomberg (25 July 2019)</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-07-24/puerto-rico-governor-poised-to-quit-after-protests-papers-say"><i>Puerto Rico Governor Set to Quit After Protests</i></a> for Bloomberg (23 July 2019)</div>
<div>
<a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-07-24/puerto-rico-governor-poised-to-quit-after-protests-papers-say&source=gmail&ust=1577883437861000&usg=AFQjCNF9HDp9HsRGhX3JgPC9rdQ4mXQFWg" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-07-24/puerto-rico-governor-poised-to-quit-after-protests-papers-say" target="_blank"><br /></a></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-07-23/rossello-clings-to-office-as-puerto-ricans-debate-impeachment"><i>Rossello Clings to Office as Puerto Ricans Debate Impeachment</i></a> for Bloomberg (23 July 2019) </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-07-21/puerto-rico-governor-ricardo-rossello-won-t-seek-re-election"><i>Puerto Rico Governor Won’t Run Again, But Many Want Him Out</i></a> for Bloomberg (22 July 2019)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-07-16/thousands-protest-in-san-juan-as-puerto-rico-s-governor-digs-in"><i>Thousands Protest Against Puerto Rico Governor After Profane Chats Leaked</i></a> for Bloomberg (15 July 2019)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-07-14/puerto-rico-governor-urged-to-resign-after-profanity-laced-chats"><i>Puerto Rico Governor Urged to Resign After Profanity-Laced Chats </i></a>for Bloomberg (14 July 2019)</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-07-11/profanity-laced-texts-leave-puerto-rico-governor-facing-furor"><i>Profanity-Laced Texts Ensnare Puerto Rico Governor in Furor</i></a> for Bloomberg (11 July 2019)</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-07-10/ex-puerto-rico-officials-arrested-amid-fbi-probes-el-nuevo-dia"><i>Ex-Puerto Rico Officials Charged in Corruption Probe</i></a> for Bloomberg (10 July 2019)</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-30/puerto-rico-fiscal-oversight-board-sues-fuel-suppliers"><i>Puerto Rico Fiscal Oversight Board Sues Fuel Suppliers</i></a> for Bloomberg (30 June 2019)</div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-25/vitriol-flies-in-puerto-rico-as-fbi-is-said-to-probe-treasury"><i><br /></i></a></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-25/vitriol-flies-in-puerto-rico-as-fbi-is-said-to-probe-treasury"><i>Vitriol Flies in Puerto Rico as FBI Is Said to Probe Treasury</i></a> for Bloomberg (25 June 2019)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-24/puerto-rico-governor-ousts-treasurer-amid-reported-fbi-probe"><i>Puerto Rico Governor Ousts Treasurer Amid Reported FBI Probe</i></a> for Bloomberg (24 June 2019)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-11/armed-bandits-take-over-valley-that-was-long-haiti-s-breadbasket"><i>Armed Bandits Take Over Valley That Was Long Haiti's Breadbasket</i></a> for Bloomberg (11 June 2019)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-14/puerto-rico-may-shift-some-u-s-aid-in-opportunity-zone-projects"><i>Puerto Rico May Shift Some Aid to Opportunity Zone Projects</i></a> for Bloomberg (14 May 2019)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Americas/USA/FDI-resurgence-helps-Philadelphia-to-bounce-back"><i>FDI resurgence helps Philadelphia to bounce back</i></a> for fDi Magazine (13 June 2019)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Europe/Portugal/Overseas-investors-help-Evora-s-elevation"><i>Overseas investors help Évora's elevation </i></a>for fDi Magazine
(13 June 2019) </div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.fdiintelligence.com/News/Mexico-president-orders-IPA-shutdown"><i>Mexico president orders IPA shutdown </i></a>for fDi Magazine ( 24 April 2019)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Americas/USA/How-will-border-unrest-affect-a-reborn-Tijuana"><i>How will border unrest affect a reborn Tijuana? </i></a>for fDi Magazine
(14 February 2019)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>Articles about my work and interviews</b></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="https://lenouvelliste.com/article/209759/cite-soleil-la-paix-a-lepreuve-des-jeux-de-pouvoir?fbclid=IwAR0rnbxMVPlk6kz-1z3CoCJ8QYkOKWxjElncr_CDZPJ4R1HtFeysBiJi3AM"><i>Cité Soleil : la paix à l’épreuve des jeux de pouvoir</i></a> in Le Nouvelliste (2 December 2019)</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.elnuevodia.com/corresponsalias/florida/nota/esclaroquetenemosaunpresidentequevedeformadiferentealaspersonasquenosonblancas-2520477/"><i>“Es claro que tenemos a un presidente que ve de forma diferente a las personas que no son blancas,"</i></a> in El Nuevo Día (28 September 2019)</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.miaminewtimes.com/arts/things-to-do-in-miami-when-the-sky-fell-author-michael-deibert-at-books-and-books-coral-gables-september-26-2019-11269785"><i>When the Sky Fell Gives Voice to Puerto Ricans Two Years After Hurricane Maria </i></a>in the Miami New Times (24 September 2019)</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.shelf-awareness.com/readers-issue.html?issue=851#m14914"><i>When the Sky Fell: Hurricane Maria and the United States in Puerto Rico</i></a> in Shelf Awareness (18 September 2019)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.libraryjournal.com/?detailStory=puerto-rico-past-and-present"><i>When the Sky Fell: Hurricane Maria and the United States in Puerto Rico</i> </a>in
Library Journal
(6 September 2019)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://lenational.org/post_free.php?elif=1_CONTENUE/tribunes&rebmun=1085"><i>Michael Deibert, le régime de Michel Martelly et la voyoutocratie de Jovenel Moïse</i></a> in Le Nation (13 August 2019)</div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/takeaway/segments/leadership-crisis-puerto-rico"><i><br /></i></a></div>
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<a href="https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/takeaway/segments/leadership-crisis-puerto-rico"><i>A Leadership Crisis in Puerto Rico</i></a> on The Takeaway (18 August 2019)</div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/takeaway/segments/political-future-puerto-rico"><i>The Political Future of Puerto Rico</i></a> on The Takeaway (5 August 2019)</div>
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<a href="https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/takeaway/segments/puerto-rico-crisis-colonialism-protests"><i><br /></i></a></div>
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<a href="https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/takeaway/segments/puerto-rico-crisis-colonialism-protests"><i>How Puerto Rico's Colonial Roots is Influencing the Political Unrest </i></a>on The Takeaway (22 July 2019)</div>
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<a href="https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/takeaway/segments/political-scandals-shaking-puerto-rico"><i>Political Scandals are Shaking Up Puerto Rico. What Exactly is Happening?</i></a> on The Takeaway (15 July 2019)</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-948062-36-7"><i>When the Sky Fell: Hurricane Maria and the United States in Puerto Rico</i></a> in Publishers Weekly (11 July 2019)</div>
</div>
Michael Deiberthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04810256309168860637noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9111975950044318592.post-20165398458943521062019-12-03T09:17:00.000-05:002019-12-03T09:17:05.053-05:00Michael Deibert, le régime de Michel Martelly et la voyoutocratie de Jovenel Moïse<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12,0000pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 0,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-font-kerning: 0,0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; text-transform: none; text-underline: rgb(0,0,0);"> </span></b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Michael Deibert</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">, le r</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">gime de Michel Martelly et la voyoutocratie de Jovenel Mo</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ï</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">se</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Nelson Bellamy</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Le Nation</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">(Read the original article <a href="http://lenational.org/post_free.php?elif=1_CONTENUE/tribunes&rebmun=1085">here</a>) </span><b><span style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Au nom de la lutte contre la corruption duvali</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">riste, les lavalassiens ont fini corrompus. Au nom de la lutte contre la violence duvali</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">riste, les m</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">thodes et pratiques de gouvernement ont fait dire </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">à </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">des observateurs avis</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">s que le r</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">gime d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Aristide </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tait le duvali</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">risme sans Duvalier. Ou la p</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">riode post-86 globalement. Avec les deux, notre pays a fait l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">exp</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">rience du </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">« </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">fascisme du sous-d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">veloppement</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> » </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">accompagn</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">un </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">« </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Himalaya de cadavres</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> » </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">et du populisme de la pauvret</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">extr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ê</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">me. Les revendications d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">mocratiques si bien formul</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">es dans la phras</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ologie et triptyque lavalassienne Justice-Transparence-Participation ont </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">t</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">transform</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">es en une avalanche de d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ception pour les masses populaires et le pays en g</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">n</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ral. Entretemps, la souverainet</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">du pays s</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">est mise progressivement </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">à </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">effriter. Aujourd</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">hui, elle n</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">existe pas : les ambassades </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">trang</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">res dictent la politique nationale.</span><span style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Parall</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">lement, la succession sans fin de gouvernements, indices de l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">instabilit</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">structurelle du r</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">gime politique ha</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ï</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tien, a d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">j</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">à </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">bien montr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">- sauf pour ceux atteints de myopie populiste - que l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">alternance politique en Ha</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ï</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ti </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tait une </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">« </span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">alternance sans alternative</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> »</span></b><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">. Cette dramatique situation (l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">espoir </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tant disparu d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Ha</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ï</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ti) trouve son actualit</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">dans la soumission t</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ê</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">te baiss</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">e aux contraintes de la globalisation </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">conomique, mais notamment dans le fait que les gouvernants ha</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ï</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tiens ne sont l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">à </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">que pour d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">fendre servilement des int</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">r</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ê</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ts </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">trangers au d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">triment de ceux de notre propre pays.</span><span style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">La cons</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">quence : </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">à </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">la m</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">fiance du pouvoir de nature </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">« </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">totalitaire</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> » </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">viennent s</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">dimenter les d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ceptions d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">une d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">mon-cratie de la pauvret</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">; celle-ci se r</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">v</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">le d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">sastreuse et houleuse, un monstre qui d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">vore le peuple. Le peuple - le petit peuple - perd confiance en lui-meme et dans son pays. Les dirigeants n</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">incarnent plus la force morale qui devrait servir de s</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ve en temps de drame et de d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tresse. La soci</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">t</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">se d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">compose ; une crise morale - on ne s</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">entend sur aucune valeur - s</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">installe durablement et la d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">mocratie a fini par perdre toute cr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">dibilit</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">.</span><span style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Ces constats, </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">videmment, nous renvoient au rendez-vous manqu</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">de l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Histoire du r</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">gime Lavalas. Le seul actif dont il dispose, et celui-l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">à </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">est peut-</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ê</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tre le corollaire de tous les autres, est la </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">« </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">r</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">volution culturelle n</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">gative</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> » </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">de la brutale loi du march</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">politique et de l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">imp</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">rialisme du billet vert qu</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">il a institu</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">e dans un espace rest</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é à </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">cart jusqu</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’à </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">son av</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">nement. La d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">flagration du mouvement populaire provoquera pendant longtemps encore des saignements niveau-h</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">morragie. L</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">arrosage des </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">« </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">bases</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> » </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">a fini par d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">truire le devoir et la libert</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">de conscience sur une tr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">s grande </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">chelle dans notre pays. Et plus que jamais, dans cette configuration nouvelle, l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">enr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ô</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">lement des </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">« </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">bases</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> » </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ou des chefs de gang constitue un topos </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">à </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">sensation pour nombres de nos </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">« </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">journalistes</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> »</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> Ils s</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">acharnent pour mettre </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">à </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">antenne ces dangereux criminels, voyous pauvres et arm</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">s, devenus ennemis de la soci</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">t</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">.</span><span style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Ces conclusions sont en partie le fruit de pertinentes observations faites par Michael Deibert, un journaliste am</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ricain ayant v</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">cu </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">plus de vingt ans </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">en Ha</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ï</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ti</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">. Apr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">s avoir laiss</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">r</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">cemment le pays, d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">finitivement il nous semble, il laisse pour la post</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">rit</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">un livre publi</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">en anglais aux Etats-Unis. Ce livre, dont le titre est </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">‘’ </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Ha</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ï</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ti will not perish</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’’ </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">est </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">crit avec un souci m</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ticuleux du d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tail : un vrai travail d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ethnographie socio-politique. Tout comme Robert Arnaud, le Suisse qui a </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">branl</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">entre-soi des oligarques de couleur avec son texte </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">‘’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Les Nantis d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Ha</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ï</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ti</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">, toutes les barri</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">res ont </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">t</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ouvertes pour lui. Son acc</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">s privil</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">gi</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é à </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">la </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">« </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">haute soci</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">t</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é » </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">(il faut encore rappeler qu</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">il est blanc et Am</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ricain - dans une soci</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">t</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ha</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ï</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tienne </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">minemment raciste au sommet) nous permet d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">aller </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">à </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">la rencontre de personnages froids, calculateurs et sans vergogne. M</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ê</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">me si quelques </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ments de conclusion de Deibert nous paraissent d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">pass</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">s, mais tous les patriotes devraient lire ce livre pour saisir l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ampleur du mal ha</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ï</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tien et la nature profonde de la d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">composition sociale actuelle.</span><span style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Michel Martelly, Evinx Daniel et le trafic de drogue</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">L</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">historiographie ha</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ï</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tienne retiendra s</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">û</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">rement qu</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’à </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">une catastrophe naturelle in</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">dite s</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">est succ</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">e une catastrophe politique sans pr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">c</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">dent. Les ann</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">es de 2010-2011, diront peut-</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ê</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tre des Historiens ha</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ï</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tiens - constituaient des </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">« </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">dates charni</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">res</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> » </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">dans l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">histoire d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Ha</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ï</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ti , non au sens qu</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">elles aient entrain</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">une rupture socio-politique significative mais du fait qu</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">elles ont balay</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tous les </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">‘’é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">quilibres instables qui maintenaient la soci</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">t</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ha</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ï</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tienne traditionnelle</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’’ </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">(Manigat, 1996) pour les faire d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">g</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">n</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">rer dans un m</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tabolisme stato-criminel qui devient horizon de souverainet</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">et de</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">…</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Communaut</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">. D</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">sormais, aucune forme de moralit</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">publique n</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">a droit de cit</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">et tout d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tenteur d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">une parole de v</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">rit</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">, au sens o</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ù </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">le philosophe l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">entend, doit se morfondre dans un silence ab</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ê</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tissant - signe de l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">abattement moral et du d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">faitisme de l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">esprit .</span><span style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Au regard de ces consid</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">rations et des conclusions pr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">c</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">dentes,nous comprenons que la route </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tait toute trac</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">e pour l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">irruption du </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">‘’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">bandi legal</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’’ </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">et le contexte d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">barrass</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">de tout obstacle pour son </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">talement. Michel Martelly serait donc l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">aboutissement logique d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">un mouvement plus g</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">n</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ral : l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">a </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">« </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">criminalisation du comportement des </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">lites</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">» </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">à </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">chelle nationale, institu</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">e par Fran</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ç</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ois Duvalier, d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">sint</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">gr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">(mais </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">galement fascisant) par les militaires post-Duvalier et populair-is</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">par Jean Bertrand Aristide. La version actuelle (Martelly-Jovenel) est celle de la criminalisation d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">complex</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">e et amplifi</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">e se vautrant dans un autoritarisme de l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ins</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">curit</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">et de la peur sournoise et diffuse. Version bandi legal. Ecoutons Michael Deibert :</span><span style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;"> </span><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">Evinx Daniel, propri</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">taire de l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">Hotel Dan</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">s Creek </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">à </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">Port Salut et supporter bien connu de Martelly qui a servi dans l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">Arm</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">e am</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">ricaine durant l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">invasion de l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">Irak en 90, a </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">t</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">arr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">ê</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">t</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">sous les ordre du Commissaire Jean Marie Salomon, (actuellement premier secr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">taire du Parlement le plus corrompu de l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">histoire d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">Ha</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">ï</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">ti</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">). Daniel </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">tait emprisonn</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">suite </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">à </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">23 sacs de drogue qu</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">il dit avoir trouv</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">flottants sur la mer. Le beau-fr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">re de Martelly, Kiko Saint-R</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">my, avait appel</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">les agents de la DEA apr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">s discussions avec Evinx Daniel pour les informer de la cargaison de drogue, mais le commissaire Salomon aurait cru que la version </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">tait une ruse pour couvrir un effort plus large de trafic de drogue. Etant en prison, Daniel aurait appel</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">le Ministre de la Justice Jean R</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">nel Sanon et a </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">t</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">relax</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">le jour suivant. Salomon a </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">t</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">suspendu de son poste et laiss</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">bri</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">vement le pays. Rapidement apr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">s la relaxe d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">Evinx Daniel, Martelly a discr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">tement rendu visite </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">à </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">son ami </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">à </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">son h</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">ô</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">tel de Port Salut et trois mois plus tard Evinx Daniel a disparu. Une source haut-plac</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">e de la PNH, proche de l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">enqu</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">ê</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">te, me disait que la police a trouv</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">un corps calcin</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">pr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">s de la ville d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">Anse-Rouge qu</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">ils croyaient </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">ê</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">tre celui d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">Evinx Daniel, quoique la d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">couverte n</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">a jamais </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">t</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">rendue publique</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;">.</span></i><span style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Et Michael Deibert de poursuivre : </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">« </span><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Martelly </span></i><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span></i><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tait fr</span></i><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span></i><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">quemment (</span></i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">durant sa pr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">sidence</span><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">) chez le Pr</span></i><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span></i><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">sident du Suriname, D</span></i><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span></i><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">si Bouterse, un ancien dictateur militaire qui a </span></i><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span></i><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">t</span></i><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span></i><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">condamn</span></i><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span></i><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">par contumace en Hollande pour trafic de drogue</span></i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> »</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">. L</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Etat ha</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ï</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tien sous Martelly, y compris bien avant sous le r</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">gime Lavalas, s</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">est donc transform</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">en bouclier pour les narco-trafiquants et les </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">limine quand ils deviennent g</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ê</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">nants.</span><span style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">La version d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">complex</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">e et amplifi</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">e du banditisme l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">galis</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">doit </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ê</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tre compris ici de deux mani</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">res. Primo, le bandit n</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">est pas seulement incarn</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ou repr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">sent</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">par le jeune gens des couches populaires. Sa sph</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">re de repr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">sentation et d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">action est </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">à </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">la fois objectivement et subjectivement </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">largie. Secundo, le bandit est d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">sormais officiel de l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Etat (pr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">sident, ministre, directeur g</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">n</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ral ou secr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">taire d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Etat) : il porte une cravate, il a l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">immunit</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">politique ou diplomatique. Ces deux conditions en font donc un </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">‘’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">bandi legal</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">'. Mais comme il demeure - dans toutes ses caract</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ristiques - ext</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">rieur </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">à </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ordre juridique qui devrait (subjectivement tout au moins) fonder le politique, il finit par pr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">parer l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ar</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ne politique pour le d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ploiement de la violence ou</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">…</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">.du silence. Ce dernier, dans le contexte actuel d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Haiti, ne peut pas s</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">imposer. </span><span style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">C</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">est donc en fonction de ces consid</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">rations qu</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">il faut comprendre </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">« </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">intervention</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> » </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">du ministre de la justice, Jean R</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">nel Sanon, pour lib</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">rer un contrevenant pris en flagrant avec de la Drogue. Par ailleurs, qu</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">est-ce que Kiko Saint-R</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">my, fr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">re de la femme de Michel Martelly et sans attribut ni qualit</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">, avait </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">à </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">faire jusqu</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">aux Cayes apr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">s l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">arrestation d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">un trafiquant de drogue pr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">sum</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">pour recueillir des informations aupr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">s de ce dernier tandis qu</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">il </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tait derri</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">re les barreaux ? Pourquoi Michel Martelly, certes pr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">sident fabriqu</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">, alors Pr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">sident en fonction s</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">est-il rendu discr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tement voir un homme (chez lui) pris la main dans le sac avec de la Drogue ? Les visites r</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">p</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">t</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">es de Michel Martelly durant son mandant chez un homme condamn</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">(cette fois-ci) pour trafic de drogue </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">taient-elles de nature </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">à </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">rehausser l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">clat de la pr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">sidence ha</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ï</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tienne? </span><span style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Nous l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">avons compris, l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">appareil d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Etat a </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">t</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">mobilis</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">au plus haut niveau via le chef d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">un minist</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">re r</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">galien pour venir au secours d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">un dealer de drogue. Mais toute la suite semble indiquer que c</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tait le d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">but d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">un macabre stratag</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">me qui devait aboutir </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">à </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">la liquidation d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Evinx Daniel, un mec devenu un immense cailloux dans les chaussures du pouvoir d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">alors.</span><span style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Michael Deibert rapporte plein de d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tails sur la part obscure et convulsive de l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">histoire r</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">cente d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Ha</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ï</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ti. Il est vrai que, globalement, le triomphe du </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">‘’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">bandi legal</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">' </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">n</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">est pas sans ant</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">c</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">dent. </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Jean Claude Duvalier a fini - en Ha</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ï</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ti m</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ê</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">me - sans </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ê</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tre inqui</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">t</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">apr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">s vol</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">des millions pour le peuple. Le r</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">gime Lavalas n</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">a toujours pas rendu compte apr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">s l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">argent du peuple des coop</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ratives. A l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">heure qu</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">il est, Jovenel Mo</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ï</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">se fait la t</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ê</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">te dure contre vents et mar</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">es, au m</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">pris des droits du peuple et sous des cadavres qui augmentent chaque jour, </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">à </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">prot</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ger la clique des criminels qui ont vol</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">les quatre milliard et plus du programme P</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tro-Caribe. Toutefois, au-del</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">à </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">de tout, Michael Deibert, avec ses pr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">cieuses informations, nous aide et nous met en bon droit de nous poser l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">gitimement cette question : le r</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">gime de Michel Martelly a-t-il assassin</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Evinx Daniel ?</span><span style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Jovenel Mo</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ï</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">se et l</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">institutionnalisation de la voyoutocratie </span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> </span></b><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Il parait que Jovenel Mo</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ï</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">se avait pour mission d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">achever ce que Michel Martelly avait commenc</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">. Son </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">« é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">lection</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> »</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">, par une image comparative abusive, ressemble au triomphe du Messie des chr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tiens qui venait non pour abolir mais ACCOMPLIR. Jovenel est en train de finaliser de fa</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ç</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">on irr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">versible la gangst</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">risation de l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Etat. Si Martelly a beau vilipender des femmes de m</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">rite, humilier de respectables citoyens, dilapider les deniers du peuple et couvrir des d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">linquants comme Roro Nelson (il est vrai que les circonstances g</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">n</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">rales actuelles ont fini par le faire taire), le pantin actuel, quand il ne s</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">affiche pas avec des trafiquants notoires de drogue ou des bandits, les entretient. Et si on en croit la fraiche rumeur, il serait de connivence avec Garcia Delva et Arnel Joseph, le premier pr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">sum</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">impliqu</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é à </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">titre de complice ou de recel dans un cas de kidnapping ; le second chef de gang, assassin et ennemi de la soci</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">t</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">. Tout cela sous l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">oeil bienveillant de la souveraine justice ha</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ï</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tienne, du tr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">s spectaculaire procureur de Port-au-Prince Paul Eronce Villard et de la d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">liquescence d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">un parlement ouvertement cynique et corrompu.</span><span style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Plus r</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">cemment, </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">à </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">la surprise de tous les honn</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ê</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tes citoyens du pays, Jovenel Mo</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ï</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">se est rest</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">clo</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">î</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">dans un silence coupable et m</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">prisant dans le dossier des sept (7) mercenaires d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">p</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ê</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ch</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">s pour assassiner nos compatriotes. Ces derniers ont uniquement commis le p</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ch</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">de demander des comptes sur l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">argent public vol</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">par son pr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">cesseur-mentor et sa clique. Mais bien avant en novembre, dans ce que des rapports des Nations-Unies et du R</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">seau National des Droits Humains ont qualifi</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">de crime d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Etat, le Palais National n</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">a m</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ê</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">me pas </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">mis un communiqu</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">pour le respect des victimes, de leur famille et du pays, effray</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">s par un massacre qui rappelait l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ancien r</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">gime.</span><span style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">L</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">affaire des sept(7) mercenaires a en effet mis </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">à </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">nu les plus hautes institutions du pays; leur complicit</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">avec le crime organis</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">et le r</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ô</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">le du gouvernement dans sa volont</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">de d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">guer la violence aux gangs arm</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">s pour mieux intimider la population et tous ceux qui r</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">clament justice et transparence dans la gestion de la chose publique. D</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">j</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">à</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">, quelques faits d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">actualit</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ont pr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">figur</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">institutionnalisation d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">un pouvoir voyoutocrate dans la R</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">publique de Port-au-prince. Michael Deibert, avec force de d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tails dans son livre, a montr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">du doigt l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">implication du d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">put</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Rodriguez S</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">jour dans l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">assassinat du Policier Walky Calixte. Ce qui avait </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">t</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">confirm</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">par une ordonnance de la cour d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">appel de Port-au-prince en date du 18 avril 2014, laquelle ordonnance a, en plus de Rodriguez S</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">jour, qualifi</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ex d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">put</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Nzounaya Jean Baptiste Bellange</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">auteurs intellectuels de cet assassinat. Ces deux malfrats, plus de 5 ans apr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">s les faits et trois ans apr</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">s la fin de leur mandat comme d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">put</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">s, continuent de circuler sans </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ê</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tre inqui</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">t</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">s en d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">pit du fait que l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ordonnance </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">«</span><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> </span></i><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ordonne qu</span></i><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span></i><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ils soient tous pris de corps et </span></i><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span></i><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">crou</span></i><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span></i><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">s en la prison civile de Port-au-Prince, s</span></i><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span></i><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ils ne s</span></i><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span></i><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">y trouvent d</span></i><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span></i><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">j</span></i><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">à </span></i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> » </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">pour </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ê</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tre jug</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">s. La liste devrait </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ê</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tre longue si on les citait tous !</span><span style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Conclusion </span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">La collusion des nos institutions avec le crime organis</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">est inqui</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">tante. L</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">actualit</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">est en train de nous montrer tous que les fronti</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">res entre le licite et l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">illicite, entre le l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">gal et l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ill</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">gal, entre la transparence et la corruption se sont estomp</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">es. Les voyous sont d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">sormais au pouvoir et d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">font tout ce qui restait comme confiance dans la police, dans la justice et comme esp</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">rance pour les citoyens et la jeunesse de ce pays. Et si dans son livre </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">‘’</span><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Ha</span></i><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ï</span></i><i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ti will not perish</span></i><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">', Michael Deibert finit par croire que la rel</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ve sera assur</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">e par les paysans, - ce que nous h</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">sitons </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">à </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">admettre vu les transformations socio-</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">conomico-d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">mographiques et politiques constat</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">es dans l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">histoire de ces cinquante derni</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">res ann</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">es : les luttes sociales deviennent urbaines contrairement au dix-neuvi</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">me si</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">è</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">cle - il nous gratifie par contre de quantit</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">s d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">informations d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">un journaliste m</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">thodique et professionnel. Son travail nous rappelle de notre torpeur et fouette notre m</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">moire collective trop encline </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">à </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">oubli. Mais au-dessus de tout, il peut nous aider </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">à </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">remonter dans l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">histoire r</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">cente aux sources de l</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">effondrement des institutions et du triomphe du pouvoir des voyous. En cela, Michael Deibert m</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">rite notre reconnaissance ! </span><span style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Nelson BELLAMY</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Professeur d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">anthropologie sociale et de sciences politiques</span><span style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Universit</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"> ‘</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Etat d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Ha</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ï</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">ti (Campus Henry Christophe - </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Facult</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">é </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">d</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">’</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Ethnologie</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">)</span><span style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; text-transform: none;">Port-au-prince, 03 aout 2019</span></span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12,0000pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 0,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0,0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; text-transform: none; text-underline: rgb(0,0,0);"></span></b></div>
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Michael Deiberthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04810256309168860637noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9111975950044318592.post-14812193889341578452019-10-28T11:05:00.001-04:002019-10-28T11:05:21.699-04:00Jacmel in all my dreams<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdLpNazUs4pRsrMseSgZ-CqxyedT6CXls7O3mOFWjMmfQYoN3YSgLjzzt411p8uQNkGFPhRs6L2700WAHsLHhsJDib7u5CKGDhFJugWf2Cm7FeLS1LVw5SQYDoL0EnOrtp-Gxk0ycUvQBj/s1600/F859E916-DDB1-48F7-8F2C-5115EF68A5D1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="640" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdLpNazUs4pRsrMseSgZ-CqxyedT6CXls7O3mOFWjMmfQYoN3YSgLjzzt411p8uQNkGFPhRs6L2700WAHsLHhsJDib7u5CKGDhFJugWf2Cm7FeLS1LVw5SQYDoL0EnOrtp-Gxk0ycUvQBj/s320/F859E916-DDB1-48F7-8F2C-5115EF68A5D1.jpg" width="256" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif;"><i>The author at Ti Mouillage outside of Jacmel, Haiti, November 2002.</i></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Jacmel in all my dreams<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">By Michael Deibert<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">“At All Hallows Eve, the Guédé spirits of the dead overrun the countryside and towns,” wrote the Swiss anthropologist Alfred Métraux<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in his pioneering 1958 study <i>Le Vaudou haïtien</i>.“Clad in black and mauve, people possessed by them may be met not only in the sanctuaries but also in the markets, public places and on the roads.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The name given to a family of vodou <i>lwa</i> (spirits) that embody the power of death and fertility (and the interlocking relationship between the two), the pantheon of Gede (as it is spelled in Haiti’s native Creole language) also give their name to <i>Fèt Gede</i>, the time on 2 November when, as Métraux noted, the power of the spirits and those “ridden” (possessed, if you will) by them burst forth from the peristyles (temples) of Haiti’s vodou faith and into its cemeteries, streets and squares.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">In November 2002, I was living in Haiti and the country was, as is often the case, in the thrall of a political crisis that would see the ouster of a despotic president a year and a half later. Various political factions stood, daggers drawn, waiting for the final <i>dénouement</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As the political situation deteriorated and Fèt Gede approached, a friend from New York came to visit me, and we decided that we would spent part of the weekend outside the southern town of Jacmel, where I rented a cottage by the ocean.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Haiti’s history may have been a relentless drumbeat of tumult, but Jacmel, looking out to the sea and ringed by mysterious, looming mountains, its colonial architecture falling into deliquescent disrepair and wreathed in dripping greenery, had always seemed to maintain some semblance of equilibrium among the chaos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">After the decisive defeat of the French by Haiti’s revolutionary forces at the Battle of Vertières on 18 November 1803 and the declaration of Haiti’s independence on 1 January 1804 (the second nation in the Western Hemisphere after the United States to do so), Jean-Jacques Dessalines declared himself emperor before being slain in October 1806. After the death of Dessalines, Haiti’s black and mulatto tensions erupted anew, with Henri Christophe controlling the north and crowning himself King Henry I, building an extraordinary palace, Sans-Souci, modeled on Versailles, and a massive fort, Citadelle Laferrière, from which to survey the entirety of the northern plains. In the south, Alexandre Pétion ruled a mulatto-dominated government of a less imperial nature and gave refuge in Jacmel to South American revolutionary Simón Bolívar as the latter plotted his campaign to liberate his own region from Spanish colonial rule.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Jacmel remained one of Haiti’s most iconic towns, hosting its most colorful carnival and serving as the setting for, among other books, René Depestre’s 1988 novel <i>Hadriana dans tous mes rêves</i>, a magic realist and often intensely poignant tale of eroticism and vodou.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">For me, at least, especially during my early years in Haiti, the city was always associated with an eccentric American named Selden Rodman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">A writer and critic born in New York City in 1909, <span style="mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Rodman</span> had written a play, <i>The Revolutionists</i>, about Haiti’s slave uprising and along with De Witt Peters, had opened the <i>Centre D’Art</i>, Haiti’s first professional art school, in 1944. He had helped supervise the covering of the interior of Port-au-Prince’s Cathédrale Sainte Trinité with stunning murals by eminent Haitian painters like Wilson Bigaud and Philomé Obin depicting Biblical scenes such as a black John the Baptist and a near-nude Adam and Eve with an apple and a snake in between them. On my first visit to Haiti in 1997,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I wandered around the steaming, fume-choked lanes of <i>anba lavil</i>, as Haitians call downtown, and strolled into the chapel, mesmerized by the art I found there. [The Cathédrale Sainte Trinité was destroyed in Haiti’s January 2010 earthquake].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">After that first trip, I returned to New York, where I was living at the time, and eventually looked Rodman up and took the bus out to visit him at his home in Oakland, New Jersey. Elderly but still vigorous, he shared rum punch with me after he came into his ranch-style home from a game of tennis. The house, which he shared with his wife Carole, was adorned from floor to ceiling with Haitian canvases, exquisite examples of work by painters such as Stevenson Magloire, and Magloire’s mother, Louisiane Saint Fleurant, one of the members of the highly regarded Saint-Soleil art movement in Haiti. Still quite lucid, he regaled my with stories of his years in Haiti, and spoke fondly of the rambling colonial house he had maintained for years on Jacmel’s Rue du Commerce which, after he had stopped visiting regularly, had been turned into a guest house, the Hotel Florita. Speaking to him, I had the sensation of being in the presence of a living link to Haiti’s past. As I left him with his memories in the gathering dusk to head back to Brooklyn, I wondered how much of his soul the old man had left back in Haiti.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">During my years living in Haiti, first as a correspondent for Reuters and then as a freelance journalist, I developed a deep affection for Jacmel, and frequently stayed at the Hotel Florita, which often appeared otherwise nearly unoccupied. Eventually, along with a French photographer friend, I began renting a small beach cottage in the town of Ti Mouillage just outside Jacmel, where I would go on weekends to seek respite from Haiti’s chaotic political climate, swimming in the Caribbean or reading in a hammock amid the incessant crashing of waves nearby.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">So it was to Jacmel my friend and I decided to travel on <span style="mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Fèt Gede</span>. After spending much of 1 November in the Grand Cimetière in Port-au-Prince - a sign at whose entrance helpfully reminded <i>Souviens—Toi Que Tu Es Poussiere</i> (Remember you are dust) - interacting with Gede adherents in various states of exultation, we drove south, through a light rain in the mountains that eventually cleared to reveal Jacmel, glittering like a jewel by the sea.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">We spent much of that evening at a vodou ceremony in the countryside, returning to </span><span style="font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ti Mouillage to fell asleep to the churning sea. Awakening the next morning, we drove into Jacmel. We parked our car and approached the Hotel Florita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">As we walked through the hotel, on this day eerily empty, all the doors and windows were open and white curtains fluttered in through the doors on the breeze from the Bay of Jacmel, as if airing out before its owner returned from a long absence. The moss and vines in the courtyard hung with melancholy, and my friend and I kept close to one another as we walked through the rooms and looked down from the balcony onto a deserted street.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">After returning to Port-au-Prince, and following a drive during which we both felt compelled to comment on the the melancholy, sapient aura that filled the house on Rue du Commerce, we found out that Selden Rodman had died the very afternoon we were walking through the Florita. Perhaps, we thought, the presence we had felt had been the ghost of Selden Rodman, after all, come back at long last to Haiti to be among the <i>lwa </i>on this of all days.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Michael Deiberthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04810256309168860637noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9111975950044318592.post-58139164379395762382018-05-01T08:17:00.000-04:002018-05-01T08:17:05.269-04:00 Haiti's new president embarks on cross-country mission <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
14 April 2018<br />
<br />
<b>Haiti's new president embarks on cross-country mission </b><br />
<br />
FDI Magazine<br />
<br />
(Read the original article <a href="https://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Americas/Haiti/Haiti-s-new-president-embarks-on-cross-country-mission">here</a>) <br />
<br />
<b>Jovenel Moïse, the president of Haiti, tells Michael Deibert how he is looking to effectively govern the whole country, through policies such as improving healthcare in all regions and building roads to prevent the more rural areas becoming isolated. </b><br />
<br />
Jovenel Moïse became president of Haiti in February 2017, just after Hurricane Matthew hit the country’s southern peninsula. An agribusinessman from the north who is often referred to as 'Nèg Bannan' (the Banana Man) because of his previous life as a banana entrepreneur, Mr Moïse won more than half of the vote in a crowded field. Since entering office, he has repeatedly criss-crossed the country, initiating road-building programmes in the provinces and measures such as remobilising Haiti’s army (demobilised in 1995 but never officially disbanded). <br />
<br />
<b>Q: Tell me a little bit about your background before you became president. </b><br />
<br />
A: The fact that I have lived both in a rural zone in the north – I was born in a small town, Trou-du-Nord – and in [the capital] Port-au-Prince helped me better understand the socioeconomic dimensions of the country. Haiti, like many countries in the world, has a kind of cleavage. You have urban zones, rural zones, people in the town and people in the country. As an agricultural entrepreneur, I was able to see the entire country and it helped me understand the challenges of governing here. My experience in the private sector – I was the president of the chamber of commerce in the north-west and the secretary general for the national chamber of commerce – helped me understand the economic problems of Haiti. <br />
<br />
<b>Q: You’ve been president for more than a year. How do you gauge your performance thus far? </b><br />
<br />
A: I would say that during this first year I’ve developed a better understanding of the challenges of governing. We have taken a lot of decisions and done a lot of work all over the country. We’ve addressed healthcare, for example – now you have a dialysis centre in the north and one in the south, we’re putting another one here in the west where we only have one. And with infrastructure, we have teams working in every department [and region building roads]. We call our strategy 'the caravan of change'. I said that we were going to have a new army, a professional army, an army in service of development, with engineers and technicians to work on natural disasters, and now we’re building one. With this new approach, we want to move Haiti beyond being the republic of non-governmental organisations [NGOs]. We welcome NGOs but they cannot replace the state, which is what has been happening in Haiti. We are working to resolve that problem <br />
<br />
<b>Q: Can you speak a little about the opportunities for foreign investment in Haiti. </b><br />
<br />
A: In energy, Haiti consumes [more energy than it produces], so people produce their own with generators, batteries in their houses and other means. So this is a great opportunity, with [energy sector regulator] Anarse, to democratise the energy sector. We are also prioritising renewable energy – wind, water, sun and biomass. In tourism we have opportunities for construction of hotels and cruise ports. There is enormous potential in tourism. And there is an opportunity in the assembly sector too, with the Hope and Help acts, which allow us to export [textiles and apparel] duty-free to the US. <br />
<br />
<b>Q: What was the motivation behind declaring the gourde the only legal currency for business in Haiti? </b><br />
<br />
A: The same motivation that every country has. Our constitution, our law, is very clear on this – there is one legal currency: the gourde. [To have two currencies] provokes inflation for those, especially the poor, who have to continue paying in gourdes. We haven’t stopped people from having bank accounts in dollars, or transferring money in dollars. But transactions within the country will be in gourdes. <br />
<br />
<b>Q: Historically, there has been a big difference between the people in the cities, especially Port-au-Prince, and the people in the countryside. What steps has your government taken to end this? </b><br />
<br />
A: I am against all forms of division, which is a big problem in this country. We want to make all the departments interconnected. We want the deconcentration of public services and the decentralisation of the structure of the state to the provinces.</div>
Michael Deiberthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04810256309168860637noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9111975950044318592.post-80580103785021715522018-05-01T08:11:00.002-04:002018-05-01T08:11:42.811-04:00Haiti: time to take a second look? <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
13 April 2018<br />
<br />
<b>Haiti: time to take a second look? </b><br />
<br />
FDI Magazine<br />
<br />
(Read original article <a href="https://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Americas/Haiti/Haiti-time-to-take-a-second-look">here</a>) <b><br /></b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Haiti's
name has been synonymous with natural disaster and political turmoil in
recent decades. However, as Michael Deibert discovers, foreign
investors both large and small are impressed with what they have found
in the country, and many sectors are ripe with potential.</b><br />
<br />
<div class="attribute-long">
In his offices just off Champs de Mars square, set beneath brooding
mountains and just beyond a glittering Caribbean Sea in bustling,
colourful Port-au-Prince, Haiti’s president, Jovenel Moïse, speaks of
his vision for a national revival<br />
<br />
“There are enormous
opportunities here,” says Mr Moïse, a former agribusinessman who assumed
the presidency in February 2017. “In energy, to construct a
high-tension interconnected national network; in renewable energy, such
as wind, water, sun and biomass. In tourism, we have opportunities for
the construction of hotels and cruise ports. There is opportunity in the
assembly sector, where we are allowed to export [textiles and apparel]
duty-free to the US.”<br />
<br />
<b>Hidden stability</b><br />
<br />
Despite the
president’s enthusiasm, at first glance Haiti, a country of just under
11 million with a history of poverty and political instability, may seem
a counterintuitive place for foreign investors to consider. However,
the country actually boasts one of the lowest rates of violent crime in
the Caribbean, two international airports (in the capital and in
Cap-Haïtien on the northern coast) and, apart from a brief interim
government, has been governed by elected presidents since 2006. The
second independent republic in the Western Hemisphere after the US
(having defeated the French in 1804), Haiti is making a renewed push for
foreign investment.<br />
<br />
In February, the IMF signed an agreement with
Haiti’s government, with the latter agreeing to “carry out economic and
structural reforms to promote economic growth and stability, and
alleviate poverty…[ and a] fiscal policy will focus on mobilising
revenues and rationalising current expenditure, to make room for
critical public investment in infrastructure, health, education and
social services”. <br />
<br />
Earlier in 2018, the government set up
the Autorité Nationale de Régulation du Secteur Énergétique to oversee
the opening of the country’s system of production, distribution and sale
of electrical energy previously overseen by the state-run Electricité
d’Haiti. After years of maintaining an unspoken dual status with the US
dollar, in March, Mr Moïse declared Haiti’s national currency, the
gourde, as the sole legal currency for business in an effort to stem
inflation.<br />
<br />
<b>Opportunity and poverty</b><br />
<br />
State investment
agency the Centre de Facilitation des Investissements (CFI) is located
in the capital’s Turgeau neighbourhood. The building is an atmospheric
house in the gingerbread style of architecture, whose inside walls are
covered with Haitian art and posters posing the question ‘Haiti: why
not?’.<br />
<br />
CFI general director Tessa Jacques says: “We are looking at
tourism, infrastructure, renewable energy, apparel manufacturing and
agribusiness. With the rise of private sector entities being able to
sell electricity directly to the consumer, we’re talking about
micro-grids, with solar, wind and other types of renewable power. It’s
certainly a business opportunity.”<br />
<br />
But the country’s statistics
are stark. According to the World Bank, Haiti’s GDP per capita hovers
around the $846 mark, with more than 6 million people existing beneath
the national poverty line of $2.41 per day. Earlier this year,
the Banque de la République d’Haïti, the central bank, expressed concern
about the country’s deficit, which is somewhere north of 3bn gourdes
(more than $200m). Questions remain over how $2bn of money linked to the
Venezuelan Petrocaribe fuel programme – overseen by Mr Moïse’s
predecessors, Michel Martelly and the late René Préval – was spent.<br />
<br />
<b>Downward spiral</b><br />
<br />
Some
of the factors that have most adversely impacted Haiti’s economy have
been external. In the early 1980s, a US-Canadian programme to stem the
spread of African swine fever exterminated 1.2 million Creole pigs – a
major contributor to Haiti’s peasant economy – and only haphazardly
compensated owners.<br />
<br />
In the early 1990s, a US-led economic embargo
imposed on the country to force a military junta from power devastated
the country's middle class, dealing such a blow that the country’s GDP
only regained pre-1991 levels in 2008. The decision by Haiti to reduce
its tariff on imported rice from 50% to 3% in the mid-1990s then
destroyed the ability of Haiti’s farmers to compete with cheap imported
rice flowing into the country.<br />
<br />
“The decisions we made in the late
1980s in terms of commercial openness and liberalisation were not smart,
not gradual and not selective,” says Etzer Emile, a Haitian economist
and professor at the capital’s Université Quisqueya. “When I compare
that with other countries in the region, they did it step by step and
product by product. We didn’t, and that transformed Haiti from a
productive economy to an import-dependent economy.”<br />
<br />
<b>Satisfied customers</b><br />
<br />
However,
these problems did not deter mobile phone giant Digicel, which launched
a $130m investment in Haiti in 2006, the largest corporate investment
ever made in the country by an international company.<br />
<br />
“This is a
land of opportunity with more than 10 million consumers that is still
very largely untapped,” says Maarten Boute, chairman of Digicel Haïti.
“The lack of large-scale reliable employment means that there is access
to a massive talent pool; almost every Haitian is looking for a job.
With the right training and management, it is a very dedicated and
committed workforce.”<br />
<br />
Nor did Haiti’s ills deter Dutch brewing
giant Heineken, which purchased a 95% stake in the Brasserie Nationale
d'Haïti (Brana) in 2011, and invested another $100m in 2014. Founded in
1975, in addition to Haiti’s signature beer, Prestige (often served so
cold that ice coats the glass bottle), Brana also produces Guinness and
various brands of bottled water and soft drinks.<br />
<br />
“Haiti is one of
the most populated countries in the Caribbean and as a market is
expected to grow,” says Brana managing director Wietse Mutters. “We are
looking for organic growth and long-term investment.”<br />
<br />
In addition
to its 1400 employees, Brana now boasts a training centre and it
partners local schools to train students finishing their studies to
bring them into the company upon graduation. It is also updating and
modernising its facilities, located in a sprawling industrial park just
across the street from country’s main airport.<br />
<br />
“If you’re here for
the long term, I would say it’s a good investment,” says Mr Mutters. “I
would look at facts, not reputation and rumour. Talk to investors like
us. I think there are huge opportunities here, not only for
multinationals but also for start-ups. I think the government is very
supportive of foreign investment and it sees the need for it.”<br />
<br />
Haiti
can be a place of jarring contrasts. A fractious, sometimes explosive
political culture co-exists with warm, gentle people. Desperately poor
slums are found sometimes only a stone’s throw from elegant restaurants
and shiny new hotels. Off the radar for years to many but the most
adventurous, Haiti is now vying to come back in from the cold.<br />
<br />
<b>Deux Mains: from small beginnings</b><br />
<br />
Not
all foreign investment in Haiti exists on a massive scale. Near the
capital’s airport, the 25 full-time employees of the Deux Mains (“two
hands” in French and a homophone of “tomorrow”) apparel company work in a
series of containers situated around a bucolic courtyard.<br />
<br />
Founded
by Julie Colombino, a relief worker who first came to Haiti after the
devastating January 2010 earthquake, the company initially registered as
a non-profit before registering as a for-profits enterprise in 2014
(the non-profit arm continues as Rebuild Globally). The company uses
repurposed car tyres and inner tubes in nearly all its products,
sourcing those and almost all its other raw materials in Hispaniola, the
island Haiti shares with the Dominican Republic.<br />
<br />
Describing
itself as an “ethical fashion company”, Deux Mains has attracted the
attention of the likes of designer Kenneth Cole, who partnered with it
to launch a limited edition sandal line, and the model Heide Lindgren,
who began as a brand ambassador and now serves as an official adviser.<br />
<br />
Partnering
with USAID’s local enterprise and value chain enhancement programme,
the company – which sees 40% of its sales in the US and 60% in Haiti –
is expanding into a 440-square-metre factory and adding 15 employees in
order to produce its signature sandals, handbags and other goods through
a combination of artisanal and industrial techniques.<br />
<br />
“There are
several benefits that are available for a business in Haiti,” says Deux
Mains vice-president Sarah Sandsted. “We have a hard-working, talented
workforce here really eager for opportunity. Haiti is such a creatively
inspiring place, and our products are more beautiful because we are in
Haiti."<br />
</div>
</div>
Michael Deiberthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04810256309168860637noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9111975950044318592.post-73983872268229363862018-02-28T10:42:00.000-05:002018-02-28T10:42:00.032-05:00Haïti ne périra pas : une histoire récente de Michael Deibert <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Critique du livre Haiti will not perish: a recent history<br />
<br />
<b>Haïti ne périra pas : une histoire récente de Michael Deibert </b><br />
<br />
Publié le 2018-01-26 | Le Nouvelliste<br />
<br />
(Read the original article <a href="http://lenouvelliste.com/article/182370/haiti-ne-perira-pas-une-histoire-recente-de-michael-deibert">here</a>) <br />
<br />
<span>Culture - </span><br />
<br />
Dans son dernier livre, Haïti will not
perish: a recent history, Michael Deibert affiche une fois de plus sa
grande connaissance et son profond attachement à Haïti, avec laquelle il
entretient une histoire longue de vingt ans.<br />
<br />
Son livre retrace
l’histoire d’Haïti et les événements qui s’y sont déroulés depuis la
guerre d’indépendance de Toussaint Louverture, Dessalines, Christophe,
Boukman et autres jusqu’au décès de René Préval en mars 2017. Son
tableau est grand et utilise une palette de couleurs très variées : la
santé (y compris l’arrivée du choléra par le biais de troupes des
Nations unies) ; les relations avec la République dominicaine; la
communauté internationale, en particulier les Nations unies par le
truchement de la MINUSTAH ; la CARICOM ; l’influence des États-Unis au
fil des décennies ; les élections (toujours entachées d’irrégularités) ;
la corruption (toujours présente) ; les portraits d’individus tels que
Jean-Bertrand Aristide, Jean-Claude Duvalier et René Préval ; les
préjugés en matière de couleur de peau, etc. Son récit des suites du
terrible tremblement de terre de janvier 2010 est le meilleur que j’ai
lu jusqu’à présent, et son tout premier chapitre, « Istwa » (Histoire),
qui couvre la période des années 1840 jusqu’au départ forcé de
Jean-Bertrand Aristide en février 2004, est en lui-même un petit
chef-d’œuvre. <br />
<br />
La qualité de la recherche de Michael Deibert est
extraordinaire. Je n’ai pu m’empêcher de me demander comment lui, un
auteur blanc, avait pu se faire autant de contacts parmi les Haïtiens
noirs. Homme noir moi-même, je me rappelle avec stupeur le moment où,
tandis que je visitais une école à Port-au-Prince, un petit écolier m’a
appelé « blan » avant même que j’ouvre la bouche. Bien entendu, il ne
réagissait pas par rapport à la couleur de ma peau – puisque de manière
tout à fait ironique, j’étais plus foncé que lui – mais par rapport à ce
qu’il jugeait comme étant mon apparence générale « d’étranger ». Donc
de blanc.<br />
<br />
Il y a trois questions que j’aimerais soulever suite à la lecture de ce livre.<br />
<br />
Tout
d’abord, l’attitude des Nations unies par rapport à Haïti (et,
j’imagine, par rapport à d’autres situations similaires). À l’époque où
j’étais le conseiller spécial de Kofi Annan sur Haïti en 2004, j’avais,
à de nombreuses reprises et sans grand succès, cherché à faire accepter
la différence entre peacekeeping et peacebuilding, c’est-à –dire entre
le maintien de la paix et la construction de la paix. Dans mon rapport
final, j’ai dit à Kofi Annan que « j’étais fermement d’avis que le
concept de la MINUSTAH tel qu’il existait n’était pas sain, et était en
grande mesure non pertinent pour le peuple haïtien, dont le bien-être
était d’une importance capitale. Les éléments civils de la MINUSTAH
devaient… en grande majorité inclure des aspects de développement
choisis après une consultation approfondie avec le gouvernement haïtien
et d’autres parties prenantes en Haïti… » Le livre de<br />
Michael Deibert
semble indiquer que presque rien n’a changé depuis lors.<br />
<br />
Étroitement
lié dans l’esprit des bureaucrates de l’ONU, avec leur insistance sur
le maintien de la paix, est ce qu’ils appellent – Michael Deibert en
parle – la « stratégie de sortie » (exit strategy) de l’organisation.
J’ai trouvé particulièrement alarmant, pour ne pas dire
contre-productif, qu’une telle stratégie ait pu être formulée avant même
que l’ONU – dans le cas d’Haïti, la MINUSTAH – ait mis les pieds dans
le pays concerné. On peut apprécier le désir (mis à part les coûts
impliqués) de ne pas s’attarder et ainsi de ne pas donner l’impression
d’être une force d’occupation. Mais comment traiter sérieusement les
problèmes de fonds du pays si on prépare déjà son départ avant même
d’être arrivé ? <br />
<br />
Ensuite, Gérard Latortue, Premier ministre par
intérim suite au départ de Jean-Bertrand Aristide, a été, comme je l’ai
écrit un jour, attaqué pendant son mandat comme étant « la marionnette
illégitime de l’administration de George Bush ». Ce qui était une
accusation parfaitement injuste à l’encontre de cet homme et le Livre
blanc publié par son gouvernement de transition, couvrant la période
allant de mars 2004 à juin 2006, fait état des avancées non négligeables
réalisées par lui et son équipe.<br />
<br />
Enfin, les Haïtiens en général.
Michael Deibert fait souvent référence et exprime son grand étonnement à
ce sujet, à la volonté des Haïtiens non pas vraiment de travailler les
uns avec les autres, mais plutôt d’être en situation de conflit
permanent au détriment du pays. Il cite Louis-Henri Mars : « La vraie
question en Haïti est une question de relations, comme celle-ci : «
Sommes-nous unis ou représentons-nous des tribus disparates ? » Pourquoi
la réforme institutionnelle est-elle ce feu follet insaisissable ?
Pourquoi la corruption au quotidien est-elle si difficile à éliminer ?
Pourquoi, malgré toutes les attaques dont elle fait l’objet, l’impunité
est-elle si répandue, si naturelle ?<br />
<br />
Pourquoi Michèle Pierre-Louis
demande-t-elle tristement : « Est-ce que cela signifie que tout ce qui
fonctionne doit être annihilé ? » Et Michael Deibert se rappelle qu’en
janvier 2012, Michel Martelly avait dit devant le Parlement qu’Haïti
était à l’époque « la somme des luttes intestines, des assassinats, des
enlèvements, de l’embargo, de l’anarchie, du chaos, de la dégradation
environnementale, de l’égoïsme et de la cupidité. Ceci doit changer ».
Les choses ont-elles changé ? Si non, pour quelle raison ? A quoi cela
sert-il de toujours faire référence à ce passé remarquable si le
présent, comme le centre du poème de W.B. Yeats, ne tient pas ?<br />
<br />
Michael
Deibert a écrit un livre remarquable. Il est détaillé, incisif,
sensible, et écrit dans un style assuré qui ne s’arrête jamais pour
s’interroger sur quelle direction il va aller. C’est à mon avis une
lecture indispensable pour toute personne, originaire d’Haïti ou pas,
qui veut comprendre ou bien compléter ses connaissances au sujet des
courants de la politique et de l’histoire d’Haïti en général et en
particulier des quinze dernières années.<br />
<br />
Ce livre tire son titre
d’une promesse faite par René Préval en février 2010 à l’Université
Notre-Dame à Port-au-Prince. « Haïti ne périra pas », avait-il dit ce
jour-là, un mois exactement après le tremblement de terre.<br />
<br />
Haïti
ne périra pas. Mais quand donc sa population tirera-t-elle profit de
manière productive de ses compétences et de son intelligence
considérables dans l’intérêt national ? Quand donc Haïti
s’épanouira-t-elle ?<br />
<br />
Reginald Dumas </div>
Michael Deiberthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04810256309168860637noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9111975950044318592.post-70230669367421018742018-02-26T07:37:00.000-05:002018-02-26T07:37:43.884-05:00A Review of Michael Deibert’s Haiti Will Not Perish: A Recent History<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div id="texte">
<b>A Review of Michael Deibert’s Haiti Will Not Perish: A Recent History </b><br />
<br />
Posted on Wednesday 3 January 2018<br />
<br />
By Reginald Dumas<br />
<br />
Submitted to AlterPresse<br />
<br />
(Read the original article <a href="http://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article22531#.WpP87mb1vVp">here</a>) <br />
<br />
In his latest book, <i>Haiti Will Not Perish: A Recent History</i>,
Michael Deibert once again demonstrates his vast knowledge of, and deep
affection for, Haiti, with which he has had a twenty-year connection.<br />
<br />
His absorbing, often mesmerizing, story traces the history of, and
events in, Haiti from the independence war of Toussaint, Dessalines,
Christophe, Boukman and others to the death in March 2017 of René
Préval. His canvas is vast and multi-colored: health (including the
cholera introduced by UN troops); relations with the Dominican Republic;
the international community, especially the UN through MINUSTAH;
CARICOM; US influence over the decades; elections (always flawed);
corruption (always present); portraits of individuals such as Aristide,
Jean-Claude Duvalier and Préval; the skin color divide; and so on. His
account of the aftermath of the massive January 2010 earthquake is the
best I have ever read, and his very first chapter, Istwa (History),
covering the period from the 1840s to the forced departure of Aristide
in February 2004, is itself a little masterpiece.<br />
The quality of Deibert’s research is extraordinary. I could not help
wondering how, as a white man, he was able to acquire such a range of
black Haitian contacts. A black man myself, I remember my astonishment,
while visiting a school in Port-au-Prince, at being called blan (white)
by a small pupil even before I had opened my mouth. He was of course
reacting not to the color of my skin – ironically, I was blacker than he
– but to what he perceived as my overall “foreign” appearance, which
meant white.<br />
<br />
There are three issues arising from the book on which I should like to comment.<br />
<br />
First, the approach of the UN to Haiti (and, I suspect, to other
similar situations). While I was Kofi Annan’s Special Adviser on Haiti
in 2004, I repeatedly, and without notable success, sought to have a
clear distinction drawn between peacekeeping and peacebuilding. In my
final report, I told Annan that I was “firmly of the view that the
concept of MINUSTAH as it now exists is unsound, and largely irrelevant
to the people of Haiti, whose welfare has to be of paramount importance.
The civilian side of MINUSTAH must…overwhelmingly comprise
developmental aspects chosen after close consultation with the Haitian
government and others in Haiti…” Deibert’s book suggests that nothing
much has changed in the years since.<br />
<br />
Closely allied in the minds of UN bureaucrats with their emphasis on
peacekeeping is what they refer to – Deibert mentions it – as the
organization’s “exit strategy”. I found it alarming, not to say
counter-productive, that such a strategy would be formulated even before
the UN – in Haiti’s case, MINUSTAH – actually entered the country
concerned. One can appreciate the desire (quite apart from the costs
involved) not to overstay one’s welcome and thus project the impression
of an occupying force. But how would the country’s fundamental problems
be seriously addressed if one<br />
were already planning how to leave before
one had even arrived?<br />
<br />
Second, Gérard Latortue, the Interim Prime Minister after Aristide
left, was, as I once wrote, mauled during his tenure “as the
illegitimate rag doll of the Bush administration”. It was an unfair
assessment of the man, and the Livre Blanc (White Paper) published by
his transition government, covering the period March 2004 to June 2006,
records the not inconsiderable advances made by him and his team.<br />
<br />
Third, Haitians as a whole. Deibert frequently refers to, and
expresses his bemusement at, the willingness of Haitians not so much to
work with one another as to enter into constant confrontation, to the
detriment of the country. “The real question in Haiti,” he quotes
Louis-Henri Mars as saying, “is an issue of relationships, of ‘are we in
this together or are we separate tribes?’”<br />
<br />
Why is institutional reform such a will-o’-the-wisp? Why is the
everyday corruption so difficult to tackle? Why, despite all that is
preached against it, is impunity so pervasive, so natural?<br />
<br />
Why would Michèle Pierre-Louis sadly ask, “Is it that everything that
works has to be killed?” And Deibert recalls that in January 2012
Michel Martelly told Parliament that Haiti then was “the sum of internal
strife, assassinations, kidnappings, embargo, anarchy, chaos,
environmental destruction, selfishness and greed. This must change.” Has
it changed? If not, why? What is the point of always referring to a
magnificent past if the present, like Yeats’ center, is not holding?<br />
<br />
Michael Deibert has written a remarkable book. It is detailed,
thoughtful, sensitive, and in language that never stops to wonder where
it might be heading. It is to my mind indispensable reading for anyone,
Haitian and non-Haitian alike, wanting to understand, or supplement his
or her knowledge of, the currents of Haitian politics and history in
general, and of the last fifteen years in particular.<br />
<br />
The book takes its title from a promise by Préval in February 2010 at
the Université Notre-Dame in Port-au-Prince. “Haïti ne périra pas,” he
said that day, one month exactly after the earthquake. “Haiti will not
perish.”<br />
<br />
It will not perish. But when will its people harness productively
their considerable intelligence and abilities in the national interest?
When will Haiti flourish?<br />
<br />
<i>Reginald Dumas served as Trinidad and Tobago’s Ambassador to
Washington and Permanent Representative to the Organisation of American
States and as UN Secretary General Kofi Annan’s Special Adviser on
Haiti.</i></div>
</div>
Michael Deiberthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04810256309168860637noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9111975950044318592.post-89261962341853468912018-01-17T16:46:00.000-05:002018-01-17T16:46:38.473-05:00If You Visit Haiti <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk47U8jcE6E18T9gDontvKgRFlw17ff0yPyxmH8LOVY7O-gDcBUSzaSTDzHtWFBu8SviZ4XHZ_gusJ3DscON0ULVX5DOjOm3GS3lHXhd32vCsjd3-1QMDc2px9F-RAe8f0_r9AsxpXfbrw/s1600/Haiti.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk47U8jcE6E18T9gDontvKgRFlw17ff0yPyxmH8LOVY7O-gDcBUSzaSTDzHtWFBu8SviZ4XHZ_gusJ3DscON0ULVX5DOjOm3GS3lHXhd32vCsjd3-1QMDc2px9F-RAe8f0_r9AsxpXfbrw/s320/Haiti.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>If You Visit Haiti</b><br />
<br />
By Michael Deibert<br />
<br />
If you visit Haiti, and you should, you must ride up to the majestic Citadelle Laferrière, completed on the orders of Henri Christophe outside of Cap-Haïtien in 1820, to see a place, as much as any other, where slavery was defeated in the Western Hemisphere.<br />
<br />
If you visit Haiti, and you should, you must wander through the streets of Cap-Haïtien itself, gaze upon the beautiful colonial architecture, sample the rhum at one of its fine hotels and enjoy a meal along the Boulevard du Carenage.<br />
<br />
If you visit Haiti, and you should, you must travel over the rough roads to Môle-Saint-Nicolas to see the ruined forts of the French, Spanish and British, all defeated by Haiti's liberators, there.<br />
<br />
If you visit Haiti, and you should, you must take a boat across the churning channel that separates Port-de-Paix from Île de la Tortue to experience the wonder that is Point Ouest, one of the most idyllic beaches in the Caribbean.<br />
<br />
If you visit Haiti, and you should, you must go to la ville de l'indépendance, Gonaïves, to visit its great vodou lakous: Souvenance, Badjo and Soukri.<br />
<br />
If you visit Haiti, and you should, you must turn off Route Nationale 1 just beyond Saint-Marc to drive deep into the Artibonite Valley and witness the skill and endurance of the peasants who coax bounty from the unforgiving earth.<br />
<br />
If you visit Haiti, and you should, you must spend a night at one of the glittering resorts along the Côte des Arcadins, sipping rhum and watching the sun set carnally into the Caribbean there.<br />
<br />
If you visit Haiti, and you should, you must drive into the Plateau Central, to hear about the long history of peasant organizing there and to visit the gorgeous Bassin Zim waterfall.<br />
<br />
If you visit Haiti, and you should, you must visit the beautiful waterfall at Saut-d'Eau, an important place of pilgrimage and restoration for vodou adherents.<br />
<br />
If you visit Haiti, and you should, you must go to Port-au-Prince to see the exuberant, difficult life of the people there, listen to the the konpa pumping out of ebulliently-coloured tap-taps, and sample the delicious Creole food and rollicking nightlife of Pétionville.<br />
<br />
If you visit Haiti, and you should, you must visit the green and restful world of the Parc de Martissant, in the Port-au-Prince neighborhood of the same name.<br />
<br />
If you visit Haiti, and you should, you must meet with groups like the Konbit Soley Leve and Lakou Lapè to see how Haitians are working hard to bridge the issues that have historically divided them and create a brighter future for themselves.<br />
<br />
If you visit Haiti, and you should, you must see first-hand the great work that groups like the Centre de Œcuménique des Droits Humains (CEDH), La Fondation Heritage pour Haiti (LFHH), Réseau National des Droits Humains (RNDDH), Fondasyon Konesans Ak Libète (FOKAL) and the Fondasyon Kole Zepòl (FONZOKE) are doing to help uplift the country.<br />
<br />
If you visit Haiti, and you should, you must ascend to the heights of Kenscoff and Furcy above the capital, to enjoy a strong cup of superior Haitian coffee in the bracing cool of the mountain air.<br />
<br />
If you visit Haiti, and you should, you must visit Croix-des-Bouquets to see the extraordinary iron work and vodou flags created by the artisans there.<br />
<br />
If you visit Haiti, and you should, you must sample the douce marcosse in Petit-Goâve and go to visit the stone sculptors in Léogâne.<br />
<br />
If you visit Haiti, and you should, you must wind your way across the mountains down to Jacmel, to see one of the Caribbean's most radiant colonial towns, which sheltered Simón Bolívar during a key time in his struggle.<br />
<br />
If you visit Haiti, and you should, you must visit the Grand'Anse to walk in the footsteps of great Haitians such as John James Audubon and Thomas-Alexandre Dumas.<br />
<br />
If you visit Haiti, and you should, you must come up with your own list of wonders to let me know what I have missed.<br />
<br />
Haiti will not perish.<br />
<br />
Kenbe fem.<br />
<br />
MD</div>
Michael Deiberthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04810256309168860637noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9111975950044318592.post-70861097391159933482017-06-21T15:30:00.000-04:002017-06-21T15:30:03.465-04:00The End of the UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
June 21, 2017 <br />
<br />
<b>The End of the UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti </b><br />
<br />
What It Means for the Country's Future <br />
<br />
By Michael Deibert<br />
<br />
Foreign Affairs <br />
<br />
(Read the original <a href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/haiti/2017-06-21/end-un-stabilization-mission-haiti">here</a>)<br />
<br />
Under an ash gray sky threatening rain this past April, dozens of
people in the Port-au-Prince neighborhood of Cité Soleil (Sun City)
gathered across the street from the local police station to survey a
flat patch of earth where goats normally graze. As surveyors in helmets
and green vests took measurements of the land, residents discussed their
plan for this corner of a desperately poor quarter of this impoverished
country: the construction of a new library, the Bibliyotèk Site Solèy,
funded by small donations from hundreds of Haitians and with books
contributed from both within Haiti and abroad.<br />
<br />
“This is not just a
library. This symbolizes a lot for us,” said Louino Robillard, a native
of the northern town of Saint-Raphaël who moved to Cité Soleil with his
father when he was three and grew up in the district’s Ti Ayiti
section. Robillard is the driving force behind the Konbit Solèy Leve, a
social movement whose name refers to both the tradition of volunteer
community work in rural Haiti (<i>konbit</i>) and the neighborhood’s name (<i>solèy leve,</i> meaning “rising sun”).<br />
<br />
“This symbolizes unity,” Robillard said. “This symbolizes hope.”<br />
<br />
A
little more than a decade ago, Cité Soleil was a war zone where daily
survival, let alone long-term planning, was a Herculean task. It was,
and to some degree remains, a redoubt of the armed political pressure
groups known as the <i>baz</i> (base) in Haiti, who maintain an uneasy
and ambiguous relationship with the country’s political factions.
Today, however, grass-roots organizations such as Konbit Solèy Leve and
the Sant Kominote Altènatif Ak Lapèhave been working to put the <i>konbit </i>model
into practice, gathering residents to clean the fetid canals and other
areas of the district and trying to sow connections between the
sometimes fractious groups in the zone. The grass-roots nature of such
initiatives is especially significant given what Haiti has witnessed
over the last decade.<br />
<br />
MINUSTAH'S BEGINNINGS<br />
<br />
In February
2004, then Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, a democratic icon
who had decided years before that he was not beholden to the rules of
democracy, fled the country into exile amid massive street protests and
an armed rebellion against his increasingly despotic rule. He left
behind a nation devastated by political warfare and environmental
crises, with a treasury virtually emptied by years of corruption and
theft. After the brief presence of the U.S.-led multinational interim
force, in June 2004 the United Nations established the UN Stabilization
Mission in Haiti, known by its French-language acronym, MINUSTAH.<br />
<br />
The
Brazilian-led mission that came for an initial period of six months
would stay on for 13 years, tasked with “stabilizing” this often
tumultuous country of glittering Caribbean beaches, mist-shrouded
mountains, and the syncretic vodou religion. Haiti also boasts the
distinction of having conducted the only successful slave revolt in
history, which saw it gain independence from France in 1804, making it
the second independent republic in the Western Hemisphere after the
United States.<br />
Although MINUSTAH oversaw three consecutive
presidential elections, each more turbulent than the last, the UN
Security Council voted unanimously this April to end the mission by
October. Yet many of the problems that afflicted Haiti’s tentative
democratic gains before the mission landed remain and, in fact, have
been codified into practice.<br />
<br />
When MINUSTAH arrived, Haiti (and
Port-au-Prince in particular) was violently factionalized between
Aristide supporters and the former members of Haiti’s disbanded military
who had helped oust him, both heavily armed. The unelected interim
government in power at the time cut off supporters of the ancien régime
from the meager government funds they had been accessing, while some
members of the country’s economic elite advocated a policy of repression
and revenge against the ousted president’s partisans.<br />
<br />
The
tensions spiraled into a period of violent anarchy known as Operation
Baghdad, which ground on for two bloody years that also saw the suicide
of MINUSTAH’s military commander, Brazilian Lieutenant General Urano
Teixeira da Matta Bacellar. The chaos lasted until the election of René
Préval in 2006, for what would be his second tenure as Haiti’s
president.<br />
<br />
Criticized for years for its perceived passivity in the
face of relentless violence, MINUSTAH seemed to find its footing under
Préval, who had a volatile but ultimately productive relationship with
the UN mission’s chiefs, first Guatemalan diplomat Edmond Mulet and
later Tunisian diplomat Hédi Annabi. With MINUSTAH as a reserve force
insulating him from the coups that had marked Haiti’s history, Préval, a
savvy politician, could set about the work of trying to unite a divided
country and attracting foreign investment. To a surprising degree, over
the next three years, he largely succeeded. Even when unrest roiled
Haiti in 2008, there seemed to be no fear that Préval would be ousted.<br />
<br />
All
that changed on January 12, 2010, when a 7.0-magnitude earthquake
struck Port-au-Prince and the surrounding regions. Tens of thousands of
Haitians and 101 UN employees, including Chief of Mission Hédi Annabi,
died. This was the largest single-day loss of life in the organization’s
history. The stability that had been so carefully nurtured over the
preceding three years vanished within seconds.<br />
<br />
After the
earthquake, the tense relationship between Préval and Mulet (who
returned to head MINUSTAH after Annabi’s death) became even more so. In
the words of the Haitian economist Ericq Pierre, foreign aid and
organizations poured in with “too many propositions, too many resources,
too many promises, too much knowledge, and not enough know-how,” and a
sense of drift and curdling directionlessness became palpable.<br />
<br />
PEACEKEEPING SCANDALS<br />
<br />
The
culture of impunity within Haiti’s body politic is one of the country’s
most destabilizing problems. Yet following the earthquake, MINUSTAH
chose to avail itself of this culture rather than combat it.<br />
<br />
After
video evidence surfaced in September 2011 that Uruguayan peacekeepers
might have raped an 18-year-old boy in the southern town of Port-Salut, a
local human rights organization, the Réseau National de Défense des
Droits de l’Homme, charged that the contingent had been leading “a life
of debauchery” for some time. (Four of these peacekeepers were later
convicted of “private violence” in the case by a Uruguayan court.) It
was one of several sexual assault scandals that rocked the mission,
including others involving Pakistani and Sri Lankan peacekeeping forces.<br />
<br />
When
I visited Haiti around this time, I witnessed a group of surly,
well-fed men who identified themselves as Canadian police advisers drink
themselves into oblivion and splash around in a hotel pool. Only feet
away, in a tent encampment of earthquake victims, thousands sat in
darkness through long evenings of pounding rain, creating the perception
of a fraternity party amid an apocalypse.<br />
<br />
Also in 2011, at a base
set up by MINUSTAH peacekeepers from Nepal, a broken PVC pipe was
pouring raw sewage into a tributary that fed directly into the Boukan
Kanni and Jenba Rivers, which then flowed into the larger Artibonite
River, the main water source for the eponymous lush agricultural region.
This would lead to a cholera epidemic that has so far killed over
10,000 people. After years of denials, and despite multiple reports
conclusively linking the cholera outbreak to the mission, the UN would
not admit culpability until August 2016. To this date, it has
compensated none of the victims.<br />
<br />
<b>MARTELLY'S MIXED RECORD</b><br />
<br />
Along
with the U.S. government, MINUSTAH played a decisive role in Haiti’s
acrimonious 2010–11 elections. Préval tried to impose upon a weary
nation his successor, the highly unpopular Jude Célestin. But through a
combination of international diplomatic pressure (including that of
Mulet and then U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton) and violent
street protests, he was forced to back down and assent to a runoff that
eventually saw singer Michel “Sweet Micky” Martelly inaugurated as
Haiti’s president in May 2011.<br />
<br />
The record of the Martelly
government, whose rise MINUSTAH aided, was a mixed one. It made advances
in terms of infrastructure and tourism, and the country’s spirits were
often buoyed by the president’s charisma. But many of the salutary
effects were undercut by the violence surrounding last year’s aborted
election, and the government, like many before it, was marked by a high
degree of corruption and impunity.<br />
<br />
Both symbolically and
mechanically, Martelly represented the return of a political strain
associated with the former Haitian dictator François Duvalier and, more
closely, his son and successor, Jean-Claude. Whereas Duvalier père
presented himself as a noiriste dictator enacting a kind of color-based
revenge, the son attempted to portray a more liberal laissez faire image
while promoting foreign investment (a dishonest image, as the country
remained a brutal police state). This strain historically has often
seemed locked in a struggle with the anarcho-populism most vividly
typified by Aristide. When elections were finally held in November of
last year—again delayed, again disputed—Martelly’s designated successor,
Jovenel Moïse, an agribusinessman and, like Martelly, political novice,
won an outright majority.<br />
<br />
“Perhaps MINUSTAH served to prevent
coups,” says Laënnec Hurbon, Haiti’s most eminent sociologist and the
author of key works such as <i>Le Barbare imaginaire</i>. “But, while I
am wary of the nationalist rhetoric of politicians who make regular
criticisms of international interference, I must admit that in the 2011
elections MINUSTAH intervened in the electoral system to impose a
candidate in the second round...When this candidate who came to
power, a whole new layer of neo-Duvalierist politicians took over the
state who were only interested in doing business with the resources of
the state.”<br />
<br />
Although relatively peaceful at the moment, despite MINUSTAH’s
long-stated goal of stabilization, Haiti is a country where many appear
to have lost faith in the democratic process, with only the most
desultory electoral participation. Haiti remains a kingdom of impunity,
with political malefactors who are able to reinvent themselves (one need
only look at Haiti’s current Parliament to confirm this) and a police
force whose autonomy, cultivated by Préval and former Police Chief Mario
Andrésol, had eroded under Martelly, despite the best efforts of many
dedicated officers. Many, including the president, speak openly about
resurrecting the Haitian army, extraconstitutionally disbanded in 1995,
which the police replaced.<br />
<br />
Moïse
remains an unknown quantity, whose words of commitment to the country’s
long-underserved peasant majority bring hope even as what some say are
authoritarian tendencies give pause. (One of his first acts as president
was to dismiss the head of the Unité Centrale de Renseignements
Financiers anticorruption body.)<br />
<br />
“The new government will have to
be careful of its image and ensure the president's staff is impeccable
in terms of honesty,” says Marilyn B. Allien, the president of La
Fondation Héritage pour Haïti, Haiti’s branch of the global
anticorruption organization Transparency International. “This also
applies for cabinet members and members of Parliament. Every effort
should be made to ensure to project an image of honesty and integrity.
If the president is honest and shows no tolerance for corruption, this
will deter those in his entourage and in the government from engaging in
corrupt practices.”<br />
<br />
<b>WHAT THE FUTURE HOLDS</b><br />
<br />
In Cité Soleil,
fishermen still cast nets into the capital’s polluted bay as
schoolchildren in pressed white and green uniforms amble down the now
quiet streets.<br />
<br />
“Right now Cité Soleil is very cool, very calm,”
Phozer Louis, the lead MC for the Haitian rap group Fos Lakay-Majik
kleng and a Cité Soleil native, told me. “The young people here have put
down the gun and picked up the ball, the book, the microphone. . . . We
ourselves have to change Cité Soleil, as no government has ever done
anything for us.”<br />
<span class="m_-1133820825876223663gmail-no-drop-cap m_-1133820825876223663gmail-colophon">
<br />
When the MINUSTAH troops leave this nation where they saw so many
of their number die and where, intentionally or not, they themselves
caused so many deaths, they leave a country where the cost of living is
rising ever higher for average citizens, who lost the ability to feed
themselves thanks to international agricultural policies foisted on
Haiti in the 1990s and where many of the structural problems of its
political reality remain unchanged.<br />
<br />
It is true that MINUSTAH
likely prevented both Préval and Martelly from being ousted, a laudable
feat, but the core of the malaise afflicting the Haitian state—the
culture of impunity for anyone boasting political or economic
influence—remains, with a judiciary as corrupt as it ever was and a
police force that has become notably more Balkanized in recent years.<br />
<br />
The lives of the <i>moun andeyo</i>—the
forgotten rural masses—have, over the last decade plus, benefited here
and there from a desalination program to make salt water suitable for
human consumption or the restoration of a rural road or other projects,
but they remain essentially unchanged. From the shacks of Cité Soleil to
the elegant restaurants in the hills above the capital to the small
villages that dot the country’s historic Plaine-du-Nord, within this
country still in the grip of largely unreconstructed political and
economic elites, Haitians now hold their breath and wait to see what
will come next.</span></div>
Michael Deiberthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04810256309168860637noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9111975950044318592.post-70474469787058915222017-03-11T08:00:00.000-05:002017-03-11T08:00:17.701-05:00 René Préval obituary <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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René Préval obituary
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President of Haiti who managed to bring a measure of tranquillity to a country besieged by poverty and violence
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By Michael Deibert</div>
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<br />The Guardian</div>
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<br />(Read original article <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/07/rene-preval-obituary">here</a>)</div>
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<br />René Préval, who has died at the age of 74, will be
remembered as the only president in Haiti’s history who twice turned
power over to a democratically elected successor in a country marked by
coups and political strife.<br />
<br />
Haiti’s leaders are often defined by their grandiose tastes
and a love of the sound of their own voices, but Préval’s style was
understated. Whereas some previous Haitian rulers would hold court
seated on what resembled a golden throne, Préval’s ethos was better
summed up by the time he arrived at the border town of Belladère on the
back of a motorcycle-taxi to tell residents that his goal for the
country was peace.<br /><br />René was born in Haiti’s capital, Port-au-Prince, the son of Claude
Préval, who had served as a government minister. He was raised in the
northern agricultural town of Marmelade before departing to study
agronomy in Belgium and eventually living in New York for a time. During
that era, Haiti groaned under the dictatorship of <a class="m_-5480292874308678225gmail-u-underline" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2013/may/03/papa-doc-duvalier-haiti-usa&source=gmail&ust=1489322734300000&usg=AFQjCNEefxOpuYXD4PxRkALZYGntN-nLsw" href="https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2013/may/03/papa-doc-duvalier-haiti-usa" target="_blank" title="">François Duvalier</a> and his son, <a class="m_-5480292874308678225gmail-u-underline" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/05/jean-claude-baby-doc-duvalier&source=gmail&ust=1489322734300000&usg=AFQjCNFhMEgL-Npyf52Bh-xi5dHYNbvigg" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/05/jean-claude-baby-doc-duvalier" target="_blank" title="">Jean-Claude</a>.<br /><br />Upon
his return to Haiti, Préval worked at the capital’s
airport for a time before founding a bakery for poor people with the
civil society leader Michèle Pierre-Louis, who later served as prime
minister. The
bakery supplied bread to a radical young priest named Jean-Bertrand
Aristide in the capital’s <a class="m_-5480292874308678225gmail-u-underline" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/01/080130-AP-haiti-eatin_2.html&source=gmail&ust=1489322734300000&usg=AFQjCNEWlEQiYuLe7AqGS1tNAux7upfalw" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/01/080130-AP-haiti-eatin_2.html" target="_blank" title="">La Saline</a> slum, and Préval became active in the democratic movement that succeeded in removing the younger Duvalier from power in 1986.
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In
1991, when Aristide became Haiti’s first democratically elected
president he appointed Préval prime minister, only to be overthrown in a
military coup seven months later. The pair spent three years in exile
until democracy was restored thanks to a US-led military intervention,
Operation Uphold Democracy. Aristide was returned to power, and in 1996
Préval succeeded him.<br />
His first term was marked by attempts at agrarian reform,
furious political battles with opposition politicians and a series of
assassinations, culminating in that of Préval’s closest friend and
adviser, the journalist <a class="m_-5480292874308678225gmail-u-underline" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=https://cpj.org/killed/2000/jean-leopold-dominique.php&source=gmail&ust=1489322734300000&usg=AFQjCNEPRvwn8aTFsQXV7dIZsP4RIrp3LA" href="https://cpj.org/killed/2000/jean-leopold-dominique.php" target="_blank" title="">Jean Léopold Dominique</a>,
in April 2000. Succeeded in 2001 by Aristide, whose chaotic and
despotic rule was truncated by his overthrow after three years, Préval
took over from an unelected interim government in 2006 and, against all
odds, managed to bring a measure of tranquillity to a country divided
between heavily armed partisans and opponents of the former president.<br />
<br />
Préval was perhaps unique in that he represented a figure in
whom many sides of Haiti’s stratified nation, from the rich in their
villas above Port-au-Prince to those in the slums, felt they had a
representative. Shortly before he took office for the second time, he
spoke to reporters in his sister’s backyard and told them that <a class="m_-5480292874308678225gmail-u-underline" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=https://www.theguardian.com/world/haiti&source=gmail&ust=1489322734300000&usg=AFQjCNGQXTRsgrlDm_GY-7ARWCPoueiR-Q" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/haiti" target="_blank">Haiti</a>
was like a bottle which must rest on its broad base to be secure,
because resting on its narrow mouth (ie the presidency and the country’s
elite) it would topple over and shatter.<br />
<br />
An adroit dealmaker, Préval maintained convivial relations with world leaders as diverse as <a class="m_-5480292874308678225gmail-u-underline" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/george-bush&source=gmail&ust=1489322734300000&usg=AFQjCNGWnwjzC2qxEc7IZ9ALaHLohS-udg" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/george-bush" target="_blank" title="">George W Bush</a> and <a class="m_-5480292874308678225gmail-u-underline" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/05/hugo-chavez&source=gmail&ust=1489322734300000&usg=AFQjCNEZcdTAZzqgb4mPMEMYbn_RFsFB9g" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/05/hugo-chavez" target="_blank" title="">Hugo Chávez</a>
as he sought to court investment and stabilise political institutions
in Haiti. While he was in office, the press went about its business
unfettered and the police, so often used as a private army by his
predecessors, operated with relative independence.<br />
<br />
Despite his subdued style, Préval was hardly naive,
displaying a Machiavellian grasp of Haiti’s political factions –
sometimes opportunistically overlapping, sometimes bitterly competing –
that allowed him to stay several steps ahead of those who periodically
wanted to remove him from power. He was capable of betraying old friends
in the name of political expediency and showed little appetite for
holding his predecessors to account for their crimes.<br />
<br />
When an earthquake devastated the capital and its environs,
killing more 300,000 people, in 2010 Préval appeared at times paralysed
by shock, leading many of his rivals to call for his resignation.
(Préval himself had had a narrow escape: he had just been about to go
into his home when the earthquake hit.)<br />
<br />
In 2011 he turned over the reins to his successor, the singer <a class="m_-5480292874308678225gmail-u-underline" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/michel-martelly&source=gmail&ust=1489322734300000&usg=AFQjCNEgbYhjruUyq8cb6F9mZ7DRqyqC1g" href="https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/michel-martelly" target="_blank" title="">Michel Martelly</a>
– whose stage name had been Sweet Micky – an opposition figure who
nonetheless publicly said that he came to rely on Préval’s counsel
during his time in office. Préval returned to Marmelade, where he worked
on projects which included an agricultural co-operative, an education
centre and a juice factory. His last public appearance was at the
investiture of Haiti’s new president, Jovenel Moïse, a few weeks before
Préval died.<br />
<br />
His first wife was Solange Lafontant, a bookseller. They
divorced, and in 1997 he married Guerda Benoit, who worked in the
country’s foreign ministry. They also divorced, and in 2009 he married
Elisabeth Débrosse Delatour, the widow of the former governor of the
country’s central bank and one of Préval’s economic advisers.<br />
<br />
She survives him along with two daughters from his first marriage, Dominique and Patricia, two sons and three sisters.<br />
<br />
<span class="m_-5480292874308678225gmail-bullet">•</span> René Garcia Préval, politician, born 17 January 1943; died 3 March 2017</div>
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Michael Deiberthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04810256309168860637noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9111975950044318592.post-89842975306533855342017-03-04T08:44:00.001-05:002017-03-04T08:44:04.657-05:00Thanks FSU for the nice poster <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnwRGJrH6jltFvmNIBt2U4hXpo6VACX75qlWQOELZ8Kczmt2DSylM2jG7DNnWfIMYcMH0knb_gCfOBfmINvAK9exv1tmUpKW08FvnzQXEZ90aR_t_uAMBzLnk_7s-xM7w_EVF4n0cwVnm3/s1600/Haiti+Will+Not+Perish+Poster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnwRGJrH6jltFvmNIBt2U4hXpo6VACX75qlWQOELZ8Kczmt2DSylM2jG7DNnWfIMYcMH0knb_gCfOBfmINvAK9exv1tmUpKW08FvnzQXEZ90aR_t_uAMBzLnk_7s-xM7w_EVF4n0cwVnm3/s640/Haiti+Will+Not+Perish+Poster.jpg" width="420" /></a></div>
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Michael Deiberthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04810256309168860637noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9111975950044318592.post-60145248035255658202016-09-17T11:52:00.000-04:002016-09-17T11:52:17.561-04:00After being driven from Gonaïves...<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
...By the mighty folks of <span class="st"><a href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/residents-haiti-city-protest-ex-leaders-visit-224438011.html?soc_src=social-sh&soc_trk=tw">Raboteau</a> and driven to collapse by the Pitit Desalin partisans of </span>Moïse Jean-Charles in Au Cap, while former Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide convalesced in hospital, the following WhatsApp message, purportedly from a sector of his political party, was making the rounds...<br />
<br />
<span class="st"></span><i>NÒT POU LAPRÈS.- </i><br />
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<i><span class="null"><br />
Baz Fanmi lavalas nan LWÈS aprann ak anpil kontènasyon kantite zak deblozay ke eki Youri Latòti ak Jovenel Moise fè sou kòtèj Maryz Nasis ak Prezidan Aristid. Nou kontan tande nouvel sa paske leve plum sou do nou pou nou anonse nouvèl sa. " Youri di Jovenel se nan elikoptè lap fè kanpay nan Lwès la, eske nap ka kenbe replik sa? Lavalas la pral pase sou fyèl nou manman pitit mare vant. Sa nou fè a nou swete nou ka kenbe l.<br />
<br />
Moise Jeanchal, nou pran nouvèl saw fè okap la, nou pral sèvi avew ou byen konen kijan lavalas la desann nou pral remèt ou monen pyès ou nan lwès la. Ou mèt tou rete OKAP<br />
<br />
Bon si prezidan an mouri menm pap gen eleksyon nap few regret ou te fe sa. <br />
<br />
Lavalas leve kanpe nan tout peyi a depi se kote PHTK ak Pitit Desalin ap fè kanpay kraze yo paske yo atake papa demokrasi a. <br />
<br />
Baz Fanmi Lwes</span></i></div>
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Michael Deiberthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04810256309168860637noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9111975950044318592.post-53938441471100263312016-06-17T17:10:00.000-04:002016-06-17T17:10:19.982-04:00So here are my last two years, folks...<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5GOP-EKj-b5jOie0-V7m5FryBuM-NyjxIO_PV4ZEweqUp9S8KLwUXRssdKqm2PI9HGIbYStC-LkanxBAvQpRp_IKkAXSrR49SiEiwFspr1GbRfPRjrn_beV2YjmfNBJBCMmk6yLwUxa8w/s1600/HWNP2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5GOP-EKj-b5jOie0-V7m5FryBuM-NyjxIO_PV4ZEweqUp9S8KLwUXRssdKqm2PI9HGIbYStC-LkanxBAvQpRp_IKkAXSrR49SiEiwFspr1GbRfPRjrn_beV2YjmfNBJBCMmk6yLwUxa8w/s320/HWNP2.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
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Michael Deiberthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04810256309168860637noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9111975950044318592.post-54800201037387251642016-04-27T11:17:00.000-04:002016-04-27T11:17:02.477-04:00Book Talk: "Haiti Will Not Perish" with Michael Deibert<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/MrVGWanXVwE" width="560"></iframe><br />
<br />
Here is the video of my talk on Haiti at Columbia University's School of
International and Public Affairs. Thank you so much to Severine
Autesserre for making it happen.</div>
Michael Deiberthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04810256309168860637noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9111975950044318592.post-48342235416007967652016-04-16T08:29:00.000-04:002016-04-16T08:29:32.098-04:00Michel Martelly letter to Haiti interim Preisdent Jocelerme Privert <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span class="_4_mg"></span><a class="uiLinkSubtle" href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/michel-martelly/monsieur-le-pr%C3%A9sident-provisoire/972631906119225">Friday, April 15, 2016</a><span class="_4_mf"><span></span></span><br />
<div class="_39k5">
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<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
<span class="_5yi_">MJM/0416/008</span></div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
Port-au-Prince, <a href="http://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fairmail.calendar%2F2016-04-15%252012%3A00%3A00%2520EDT&h=YAQHw-pVS&s=1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">le 15 avril 2016</a></div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
<br /></div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
Son Excellence</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
Monsieur Jocelerme PRIVERT</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
Président Provisoire</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
Palais National</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
Monsieur le Président Provisoire,</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
Deux mois après la fin de mon mandat et après avoir négocié et signé
avec vous, en votre qualité de Président du Sénat, conjointement avec le
Président de la Chambre des Députés, un accord de sortie de crise, le
pays est menacé par une crise plus profonde que je voulais éviter.</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
En effet, en signant cet accord, j’ai voulu éviter au pays une crise politique après le coup du <a href="http://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fairmail.calendar%2F2016-01-22%252012%3A00%3A00%2520EST&h=KAQGh7AZF&s=1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">22 janvier 2016</a>
et contribuer à l'exercice du jeu démocratique; c’est dans cet esprit
que j’ai quitté mes fonctions à la date prévue par la Constitution, en
m’assurant, comme il a été prévu, que le pouvoir soit transmis, <a href="http://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fairmail.calendar%2F2016-05-14%252012%3A00%3A00%2520EDT&h=WAQFSJVxC&s=1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">le 14 mai 2016</a>, à un Président légitime, issu d’élections.</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
Dois-je
encore vous rappeler, Monsieur le Président Provisoire, que cet accord a
été rédigé par vos soins, suivant vos propres termes et conditions et
vous en êtes, par la suite, devenu le principal bénéficiaire,
responsable direct de sa mise en œuvre ?</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
Il
est inconcevable qu'après deux présidences à vie consécutives, ayant
duré trente ans, le pays ne parvienne, trente ans plus tard, à
organiser des élections qui ne fassent l’objet de contestation et qu’il
soit toujours utile de se référer à l’arbitrage de la communauté
internationale pour trancher. Ce constat choque tant les observateurs
nationaux qu’étrangers.
</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
Il est anormal que certains
politiciens haïtiens recourent à tous les stratagèmes, du mieux qu'ils
peuvent, pour empêcher la tenue d’élections et que l'on offre au monde
entier le spectacle navrant qu'eux tous n’étaient motivés que par des
intérêts personnels et mesquins. Un grand nombre de ceux qui se sont
montrés hostiles à la tenue des élections se sont fait nommer au
gouvernement de transition qu’ils veulent convertir en gouvernement
définitif, sans recourir à la voie des urnes, en utilisant tous les
artifices. La nouvelle donne consiste à séparer à l’amiable,
copain-copain, le pouvoir exécutif avec les sénateurs, comme une sorte
de butin de guerre que l’on repartit entre des officiers vainqueurs. Le
Sénat est rendu quasiment dysfonctionnel <a href="http://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fairmail.calendar%2F2016-04-15%252012%3A00%3A00%2520EDT&h=dAQGgH-L7&s=1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">aujourd’hui</a>
parce qu’aux sénateurs sont offertes des fonctions administratives à
titre de récompense - les Sénateurs abandonnant le Parlement pour
devenir ministres. Cette approche ne va pas tenir la route, Monsieur le
Président provisoire. </div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
Le
Gouvernement actuel se donne un agenda étendu voire illimité qui ne
correspond nullement à son mandat, circonscrit dans l’accord signé entre
vous et moi <a href="http://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fairmail.calendar%2F2016-02-05%252012%3A00%3A00%2520EST&h=jAQH-Qtf-&s=1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">le 5 février 2016</a>. Cette démarche ne va pas permettre de résoudre la crise, elle va plutôt l’aggraver. </div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
Il
est urgent d'engager le processus d'organisation du second tour des
élections présidentielles et qu’un gouvernement légitime soit mis en
place dans les délais prévus. Il serait raisonnable que l'on cesse
d'utiliser des subterfuges pour grignoter quelques mois sur les mandats
des élus à des fins inavouables. Le pays ne pourra pas tirer avantage
de la répétition de cette situation consistant en cette pratique de
vouloir remplacer un gouvernement constitutionnel par un gouvernement
provisoire, et le renvoi des élections réglementaires sine die pour
laisser un certain temps de gestion à ce gouvernement provisoire. Je
voudrais en connaitre la motivation... Une telle situation va continuer à
augmenter la précarité et entacher l'image du pays aux yeux de nos
partenaires- bien entendu ceux qui n'ont aucun intérêt dans cette
situation... C’est la raison principale qui m’a porté à choisir, parmi
toutes les options, de signer l'accord du 5 février et partir <a href="http://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fairmail.calendar%2F2016-02-07%252012%3A00%3A00%2520EST&h=uAQEenx3O&s=1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">le 7 février</a> suivant.</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
Les stratèges de ce gouvernement, qui se croient seuls sur la planète,
instaurent la persécution sous toutes ses formes pour parvenir à leurs
fins. Leur programme majeur a pour nom la "demartellisation". Ce
programme consiste à humilier mes anciens collaborateurs et
paradoxalement, ceux-là même qui m'ont accompagné jusqu'aux derniers
jours de mon mandat. Cette manière de faire démontre l'incohérence et
l'inconsistance de ces persécutions qui fragilisent la démocratie et
anéantissent l'esprit démocratique. Une première tactique a consisté à
les accuser de choses auxquelles ils sont complètement étrangers, que
personne n'a établi. Quand ils considèrent devoir se défendre, ils sont
directement menacés, accusés de contester des déclarations du Président
et privés de leur liberté de mouvement. Un Commissaire du Gouvernement,
ex-député du peuple, qui n’est pas juge des comptes des fonctionnaires
et des Grands commis de l’Etat, commence par établir une liste
d’interdiction de départ avant même d’avoir entendu ses victimes ou
d’avoir vu les dossiers qui leur seraient imputables.</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
Je
crois en la nécessité de tout administrateur de l’Etat de rendre compte
de sa gestion, cependant si la justice est aveugle, elle ne doit pas se
laisser aveugler.</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
Que la nation
prenne garde et reste vigilante pour que la nécessaire et indispensable
lutte contre la corruption ne fournisse l’occasion de commettre des
injustices criardes, même au nom de la raison d’Etat, autrement comme
l’avait si bien dit le Président René Préval, dans une situation
semblable <span class="_5yi- _5yi_">«peu de citoyens honnêtes,
compétents et sérieux accepteront de se mettre au service de leur pays
en se persuadant que l’Etat ne peut être habité que par des malveillants
et des médiocres»</span> <span class="_5yi- _5yi_">(sic)</span></div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
Je n’ai pas signé l’accord du <a href="http://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fairmail.calendar%2F2016-02-05%252012%3A00%3A00%2520EST&h=1AQFOPx1v&s=1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">5 février</a>
pour encourager la violation des droits individuels. Combien de fois ne
vous est-il pas arrivé, Monsieur le Président provisoire, de vous
prononcer dans des domaines qui ne sont pas les vôtres, en déni des
prérogatives et responsabilités des institutions légalement constituées.
En déclarant par exemple, plus d'une fois, aux membres du PHTK que leur
candidat à la Présidence est classé en 5eme position alors que vous
n’êtes pas membre du Conseil électoral ! Qui donc comptez-vous classer
en première position, Monsieur le Président ? </div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
Je
vous invite patriotiquement à vous dépasser et à vous éloigner du chant
des sirènes, car les chantres ne connaissent pas la douleur ni les
responsabilités d’un président de la République. Eux croient que tout
lui est possible. Malheur à un président qui croit qu’il peut tout
faire. Le seul recours d’un chef d’Etat devant ces situations, c’est la
loi ; il doit avoir recours en permanence à la loi. Cela m’a évité bien
des égarements même s’il m’a laissé des inimitiés au sein de mon propre
camp. De toute manière, il y a un choix à faire. Il y a beaucoup de
voies. Moi j’ai choisi de voir les choses avec hauteur, sans
roublardise. Nous devons laisser le temps des dictatures et des
violences politiques derrière nous et renoncer à vouloir contrôler le
pouvoir par tous les moyens, au risque de maintenir le pays dans
l’indignité et le dénuement de ses citoyens.</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
Si nous voulons travailler à l’instauration de la démocratie en Haïti,
nous devons nous y consacrer de manière déterminée et sérieuse, de
toute notre force, de tout notre être et de toute notre pensée,
tellement la tentation d’aller dans le sens contraire est grande. Le
seul garant, c’est le respect de nos institutions.</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
C’est dans ce sens que j’avais choisi de rendre visite à tous les
anciens Chefs d’Etat vivant dans le pays. Cette décision n’avait pas
fait l’unanimité autour de moi. Mais ma volonté de rassembler toutes les
élites et toutes les forces du pays pour l’avènement d’une ère de
progrès me l’avait dicté. Je l’ai fait pour rassurer. Durant mon
administration, les libertés politiques ont atteint leur apogée, la
presse, le paroxysme de la liberté. Mes ministres s’exprimaient
librement et je n’ai jamais trouvé aucun mal à l’expression de positions
contraires. Je n’étais pas le Chef mais le coordonnateur. Je n’ai
jamais considéré que j’étais le juge des actes de mes prédécesseurs ou
de leurs ministres. Je n’étais pas obligé de marcher sur leurs voies, je
pouvais revenir sur certaines de leurs décisions, sans essayer de les
mettre en cause. Parce que la Constitution, qui doit être notre
boussole, a fixé la responsabilité de chacun et de chaque institution.
Sur mon bureau et ma table de chevet, il y avait toujours un exemplaire
de la Constitution. Un Président de la République ne doit jamais être
lassé de lire et de relire la Constitution.</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
Je
sais que vous connaissez ce texte par cœur. On vous attribue, à tort
ou à raison, une connaissance approfondie des questions administratives.
Je vous encourage à lire et à relire la Constitution, nos lois
administratives, les textes de procédure administrative et civile tous
les jours et à ne pas vous en écarter, comme je vous supplie, pour le
bien du pays, de ne pas vous écarter du texte de l’accord du <a href="http://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fairmail.calendar%2F2016-02-05%252012%3A00%3A00%2520EST&h=OAQE3O85J&s=1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">5 février</a>
que nous avons signé. La patrie vous sera reconnaissante. Ainsi votre
rêve sera comblé, vos vœux exhaussés. Vous aurez acquis estime et
respect aux yeux des Haïtiens et des partenaires internationaux engagés à
nos côtés dans la rédemption du pays. L’Histoire vous rendra témoignage
comme un grand patriote… Avant vous, d’autres ont essayé d’aller dans
le sens contraire de l’Histoire, ils l’ont tous regretté.</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
Les
évènements de ces derniers jours m’ont motivé à vous écrire cette
lettre. Je le fais en toute humilité et dans un élan patriotique,
pendant qu’il est encore temps. Mon patriotisme me commande de vous
recommander de ne pas céder à la tentation de ceux qui n’attendront pas
le second chant du coq pour vous lâcher.</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
Veuillez agréer, Monsieur le Président provisoire, les assurances de ma très haute considération.</div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
<br /></div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
<span class="_5yi-">Michel Joseph MARTELLY </span></div>
<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa">
<span class="_5yi_">56è Président de la République d’Haïti</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Michael Deiberthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04810256309168860637noreply@blogger.com0